IJBB DEC 2008

MINIREVIEW

Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics

Vol. 45, December 2008, pp. 365-373

Localization of Heme Biosynthesis Pathway Enzymes in Plasmodium falciparum

Aditya Rao, Sri Jyothsna Yeleswarapu, Rajgopal Srinivasan and Gopalakrishnan Bulusu*

Life Sciences R&D Division, TCS Innovation Labs Hyderabad, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd, 1 Software Units Layout, Madhapur, Hyderabad 500081, India

Received 31 January 2008; revised 01 September 2008

Protein trafficking in the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum is dictated by a complex life-cycle that involves a variety of intra-cellular and host cell destinations, such as the mitochondrion, apicoplast, rhoptries and micronemes. Of these, the apicoplast and mitochondrion are believed to account for more than 10% of this traffic. Studies have shown that mechanisms for mitochondrion and apicoplast targeting are distinct, despite their close physical proximity. The heme biosynthesis pathway spans both these organelles, making trafficking studies crucial for the spatial demarcation of the constituent interactions. This minireview highlights the challenges in identifying the possible sub-cellular destinations of the heme pathway enzymes using gleanings from literature survey as well as focussed bioinformatic analysis.

Keywords: Plasmodium falciparum, Localization, Apicoplast, Mitochondrion, Heme biosynthesis, Heme pathway enzymes

*E-mail: gopal@atc.tcs.com

PAPERS

Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics

Vol. 45, December 2008, pp. 374-378

A new method for purification of functional recombinant GST-cyclophilin A protein from E. coli

Seonmin Lee⁺, Xuezhe Han¹⁺, Kyu Jin Choi, Yan Ding, Taegyu Choi, Eunyoung Tak, Jisun Lee, Joohun Ha, Sung Soo Kim* and Jinhwa Lee^2,*

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Science and Engineering Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute (BK-21), School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea

¹Department of Neurosurgery,The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China; ²Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Dongseo University, Busan 617-716, Korea

Received 28 April 2008; revised 20 August 2008

The expression of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein is extensively utilized in the study of protein-protein interactions. In the commonly used purification method, the overexpressed GST fusion protein is bound to the glutathione (GSH)-coupled resins via affinity chromatography, and then eluted by an excessive quantity of reduced GSH. However, this technique has certain limitations, such as low product purity, retention of GSH in the sample, as well as relatively high cost. To overcome these limitations, in this study, elution buffer containing 2% formic acid was utilized rather than GSH to elute the GST-fusion protein, and thereafter the acidic samples were neutralized using collecting buffer. By using this method, highly purified GST-cyclophilin A (CypA) fusion protein was obtained, without affecting the structural and functional characteristics such as PPIase and chaperone activities. Moreover, the procedure is also cost-effective, due to the low cost of formic acid as compared with GSH.

Keywords: Chaperone activity, Cyclophilin A, Formic acid, Gluthatione-S-transferase fusion protein, PPIase activity

*E-mail: sgskim@khu.ac.kr, jinhwa2000@gdsu.dongseo.ac.kr

Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics

Vol. 45, December 2008, pp. 379-386

Purification and characterization of sulfite oxidase from goat liver

Ausaf Ahmad¹*, Sarfraz Ahmad² and Masroor A Baig¹

¹Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110 062, India

²Florida Hospital Medical Center, Cancer Institute, 2501 N. Orange Ave., Suite 883, Orlando, FL 32804, USA

Received 21 February; revised 21 November 2008

Sulfite oxidase (EC 1.8.3.1) catalyzes the physiologically vital oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, the terminal reaction in the degradation of sulfur containing amino acids. Genetic deficiency related to human sulfite oxidase is associated with the severe clinical abnormalities with no effective therapies known, making the enzyme of immense biomedical importance. In the present study, sulfite oxidase was been purified from the goat tissues, a hitherto unexplored source, in particular from the liver, and its physico and biochemical properties were characterized. The liver was chosen as it showed the highest activity, compared to kidney and muscle. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by salting out, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. It was a dimer (113 kDa) having two identical subunits (56 kDa) and did not contain free sulfhydryl groups. Its spectral analysis showed the presence of heme and molybdenum. circular dichroism (CD) spectra in near and far-UV regions showed the presence of significant amounts of secondary structures (45% a helix, 9% b structure and 26% b turn and remaining random coil) in the native molecule. The kinetic and hydrodynamic properties of the enzyme were also determined. Results also showed that ferricyanide was 8-times more effective electron acceptor than its physiological acceptor cytochrome c. The limited N-terminal analysis of the enzyme revealed the sequence up to six amino acids Trp-Glu-Pro-Ser-Gly-Ala. Together, these results suggested the liver was a major source of sulfite oxidase in goat and most of its physico-chemical, except secondary structure and amino acid sequence from N-terminal and biological properties were fairly similar to the sulfite oxidase isolated from other mammalian species/organs.

Keywords: Goat liver, Sulfite oxidase, Molybdoenzyme, Molybdenum, Heme, Purification, Physico-chemical properties, CD spectra, Absorption spectra, N-terminal analysis

*E-mail: ausaf_ahmad@urmc.rochester.edu

Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics

Vol. 45, December 2008, pp. 387-392

Cloning and characterization of drought responsive partial gene sequence(s) from Oryza sativa L. subsp. Indica

Satendra K Mangrauthia, Nandlal Choudhary and Aruna Tyagi*

Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India

Received 19 April 2008; revised 29 August 2008

Differential display gels were run for the drought tolerant (N-22) and drought susceptible (Panidhan) genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa) to identify the genes showing differential expression with respect to moisture stress. Differential cDNA products were cloned in PCR-Trap vector and analyzed for differential expression by Northern hybridization. Two clones namely R4A and R7G were found to be associated with water deficit stress (WDS). Sequencing revealed an insert of 244 bp in the clone R4A. BLASTN and FASTA results showed that R4A had maximum homology with a full-length cDNA clone: 002-110-H10 and OSJNBa006109.12 protein. GO classification suggested that it had b-glucosidase motif which had been implicated in ABA mobilization and thereby ABA dependent gene expression.

Keywords: Water deficit stress, Differential expression, cDNA, Oryza sativa, Drought responsive gene

*E-mail: at_bio@iari.res.in

Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics

Vol. 45, December 2008, pp. 393-398

Tri-iodothyronine alters superoxide dismutase expression in a teleost
Anabas testudineus

P Sreejith and O V Oommen*

Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram-695 581, Kerala, India

Received 24 January 2008 ; revised 11 September 2008

The effect of tri-iodothyronine (T₃) on superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression was evaluated in a teleost Anabas testudineus (euthyroid fish) by native gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis. SOD is an essential enzyme for the survival of oxygen-utilizing organisms. Its expression is altered by the stress, presumably due to the increase in concentration of superoxide radical in cells. Variations of thyroid hormone levels are the major physiological modulators of cellular oxidative stress. T₃ administration generates an oxidative stress, which to some extent is neutralized by the changed activity of enzymes like SOD. T₃treatment decreasedCuZn SOD density in liver and brain of A. testudineus. The activity of CuZn SOD in liver and brain was confirmed by native gel analysis. The different physiological states of thyroid influenced the CuZn SOD activity. Western blot analysis further confirmed that liver and brain CuZn SOD decreased after T₃ treatment. From these findings, it was clear that T₃ treatment in euthyroid fish created an oxidative stress condition and thyroid hormone effectively maintained antioxidant status to overcome this situation in teleosts.

Keywords: Anabas testudineus, Antioxidant enzyme, Fish, Reactive oxygen species, Superoxide dismutase, Thyroid hormone

*E-mail: oommenvo@yahoo.com

Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics

Vol. 45, December 2008, pp. 399-403

Effect of Na⁺ ions on pH-dependent conformational changes in brush border sucrase-isomaltase in mice intestine

Shiffalli Gupta¹, Safrun Mahmood², Rizwan Hasan Khan³ and Akhtar Mahmood^1*

¹Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014; ²Department of Biotechnology and Experimental Medicine, Post-graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012; ³Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Received 20 April 2008; revised 12 August 2008

Intestinal brush border sucrase-isomaltase (sucrose D-glucosidase E.C. 3.2.1.48, E.C. 3.2.1.10) exhibits pH-dependent stimulatory or inhibitory effects in response to Na⁺ ions. However, whether the enzyme undergoes conformational modulations as a function of pH and in the presence of alkali metal ions is not known. In this paper, we investigated the structural and functional relationship of purified murine sucrase in response to pH and Na⁺ ions using UV-CD fluorescence and spectroscopic studies. Kinetic studies revealed that at pH 5.0, the enzyme activation by Na⁺ ions was V-type, which changed to K-type at pH 7.2, whereas at alkaline pH (8.5), Na⁺ ions inhibited the enzyme activity and inhibition was uncompetitive in nature, affecting both the K_m and V_max components. Far UV-CD spectra of protein at pH 7.2 in the absence and presence of Na⁺ were almost overlapping, suggesting that secondary structure of protein was not affected upon addition of the salt. However, near UV-CD spectra indicated marked alterations in the tertiary structure of protein in presence of 50 mM Na⁺ ions. Increase in pH from 7.2 to 8.5 resulted in a marked rise in fluorescence intensity and red shift in λ_max due to tryptophan residues in the enzyme molecule. These findings suggested that alterations in enzyme activity as a function of pH and Na⁺ ions was associated with ionization of key amino acid residues together with structural modifications in the enzyme conformation around neutral or alkaline pH.

Keywords: Brush border sucrase, Mice intestine, Alkali metal ions, pH-dependent effects, UV-CD spectral analysis, Fluorescence spectral studies

*E-mail: akhtarmah@yahoo.com

Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics

Vol. 45, December 2008, pp. 404-409

Optimization of extracellular xylanase production by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum S2 using factorial design

Olfa Ellouze*, Sami Fattouch, Faouzi Mestiri, Mohamed Radhouen Aniba and Mohamed Nejib Marzouki

Biological Engineering unit, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology (I.N.S.A.T.) BP 676, 1080 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia

Received 30 January 2008; revised 19 September 2008

The improvement of xylanase production by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum S2 using a liquid fermentation culture was investigated. The optimized process was divided into three basic steps: (i) evaluating xylanase inducers using different agricultural residues such as wheat bran, oat bran, orange peel and barley bran at 1% final concentration, and also filter paper. Among these, wheat bran showed the maximum activity (2.5 U/ml) at 12 days post-inoculation; (ii) for optimization, we determined the optimal concentration of inducer, the effect of phosphate anion (K₂HPO₄/KH₂PO₄) and culture aeration using a rotary shaker at 100 and 180 rpm. The optimal conditions for these three factors were determined in an experimental panel using factorial data, in which a mathematical model (Minitab software) was fitted; (iii) The optimized culture medium containing a high level of wheat bran (3%) without KH2PO4-K2HPO4 and submitted to a high agitation (180 rpm/min) increased the xylanase production from 2.5 U/ml to 4 U/ml (1.6-fold).

Keywords: Xylanase production; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum S2; Factorial design; Wheat bran; Culture aeration; Phosphate anion effect.

*E-mail: Ellouze_olfa@yahoo.fr

Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics

Vol. 45, December 2008, pp. 410-415

Dietary cholesterol and estrogen administration elevate brain apolipoprotein E in mice by different mechanisms^#

Neelam Srivastava, Maurizio Averna¹ and Rai Ajit K Srivastava*

Clonegen Biotechnology, USA, Clonegen Biotechnology Pvt Ltd, Noida, India; ¹University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

Received 12 January 2008; revised 23 Octoberr 2008

Apolipoprotein (apo) E plays an important role in the whole body cholesterol homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that it may also be involved in the local cholesterol transport in the brain, and influence the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by interacting with the b-amyloid protein and brain lipoprotein receptors. Since apoE expression is highest in the brain, next only to the liver and associated with the pathogenesis of AD, we hypothesized that dietary and hormonal intervention, known to regulate hepatic apoE expression may also regulate brain apoE and thereby influence local cholesterol transport. To test this hypothesis, groups of male C57BL mice were fed either regular rodent chow or high fat (HF) and high cholesterol enriched diet for 3 weeks. In a separate study, groups of male mice were administered pharmacological doses of 17-b estradiol for 5 consecutive days and sacrificed on the 6^th day. As expected, HF diet elevated liver apoE mRNA and apoE synthesis. Similar to liver, brain apoE mRNA and synthesis also increased, following HF feeding. Estradiol administration increased liver apoE synthesis without affecting apoE mRNA. Interestingly, estradiol administration also increased the brain apoE synthesis, but without altering the brain apoE mRNA. These studies suggested that dietary cholesterol and estrogen administration elevated the brain apoE by different mechanisms.

Keywords: Apolipoprotein E, Brain, Cholesterol, Alzheimer’s disease, Estrogen, Mouse

*E-mail: ajitsriva@gmail.com

Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics

Vol. 45, December 2008, pp. 416-420

Semi-empirical calculations on paullones, a promising class of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors

Pooja Sapra Sharma^*, Reena Tyagi & Rajan Sharma

Department of Chemistry, C.S.S.S. (PG) College, Machhra, Meerut, 250003, Uttar Pradesh, India

Received 26 February 2008; revised 18 August 2008

Paullones, a group of ATP-competitive 7,12-dihydroindolo [3,2-d][1]benzazepin-6(5H)-ones are well-established cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors with promising anti-tumoral properties. In this study, AM1 (Austin model 1) calculations have been performed on paullones and their biological activities have been explained with respect to their HOMO and LUMO energies. 9-Substituted paullones with electrophilic character show high potencies. The interaction of 9^th substitutent with Phe-80 of receptor plays a key role in binding and potency. The study will help medicinal chemists to design efficient CDK inhibitiors.

Keywords: Paullone, Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, Austin model 1, Highest occupied molecular orbital, Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

E-mail: poojasapra.sharma@gmail.com

Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics

Vol. 45, December 2008, pp. 421-429

Polaron hopping in some biomolecular solids and their charge transfer complexes

G K Solanki, Anand Amin, Ashvin Padhiyar, A K Ray⁺ and A T Oza^*

Department of Physics, ⁺ Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, -388 120, Gujarat, India

Received 31 January 2008; revised 14 October 2008

The solid state spectroscopy of charge transfer complexes of biomolecules such as fatty acids, tripalmitin, lysozyme. folic acid, β-carotene, cytochrome c, valinomycin and gramicidin has been carried out. The absorption coefficient is related with electronic conductivity. A half-power beta density is found common among these macromolecular solids, indicating photon-induced polaron hopping or hopping of a charge carrier between two branches of a polariton. Band gap vs full width at half-maximum of the mid-IR peak also reveals a linear relation.

Keywords: Polaron hopping, Beta density, Infrared spectra, Biomolecular solids, Charge transfer complexes

E-mail: ajayozat@yahoo.com

Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics

Vol. 45, December 2008, pp.430-432

TRendys Meeting Report 2008

‘TRendys in Biochemistry’, since 1993, has been serving as a platform for discussions on latest research interests in biochemistry and molecular biology that have the potential to open new horizons in future research. The 14^th Annual Meeting, TRendys-2008 was held at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore (Nov. 14^th-15^th 2008). Many enthusiastic students and scientists from various institutes and universities in Bangalore attended the conference. In the welcome address, Prof. H S Savithri (Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science) mentioned that the TRendys at IISc coincided with the centenary year of the institute. Prof. K Subba Rao, National Convener, TRendys in Biochemistry, presented the objectives and history of the TRendys. Prof. T Ramasarma, who originally conceived this forum, explained how Trendy’s has grown in years and now reaches students at a national level.

The TRendys-2008 Oration award was conferred to Prof. P Balaram, Director, Indian Institute of Science. In his talk, titled as “Can enzymes be Designed or Redesigned?” he demonstrated how after decades of study of protein biochemistry and structure, we still have not mastered it enough to customize it. The enzymes are known to catalyze reactions with utmost selectivity and stereo specificity. However, researchers have attempted to design catalytic motifs of the enzymes on other structurally unrelated non-enzymatic proteins. Computational methods have been used which predict rational mutations that can bring about such convergent evolution. Therefore, one of the enzymes used for such purposes is triose phosphate isomerase (TIM), for which there is a large number of sequences and structures in the database. However, as Prof. Balaram presented in his talk, such attempts have made news often, but seem to be making false promises as indicated by the number of retractions reported. He concluded in his talk that we still need insights into the protein structure and enzyme catalysis in order to attempt at rational engineering of the enzymes.

Dr. Renee M Borges (Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science) presented recent advances in the chemical communicative ecology. For defense against insect herbivores, plants are known to use specific elicitors present in insect oral secretions such as fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FACs). In response to FACs, plants may release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can trigger defense in farther parts of the same plant or even in different plants. VOCs may also attract parasitoids of these insect herbivores. Apart for defense purposes, plants are also capable of switching on and off the signals for attracting generalized or specialist insect pollinators.

Dr. Nagasuma Chandra (Bioinformatics Centre & Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science) gave an exhaustive description about the systems biology and its application in drug discovery and medicine. Systems biology integrates data from high throughput experiments with mathematical and computational analysis to describe the interactions between components of a biological system, in order to explain the function and behavior of that system. In drug discovery, systems biology can predict rational drug targets, while considering aspects like their metabolic importance, adverse effects, drug resistance and drug toxicity. In the field of medicine, it may play crucial role in diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

Dr. Lalitha Gowda presented the potentialities in nutrigenomics; the culmination of diet, health and genomics. The talk focused on the effect of dietary and bioactive food components at genetic, epigenetic and proteomic levels. Some of the dietary components can confer prevention against certain diseases by altering molecular mechanisms. For example, the dietary oils can effect the gene expression of HMG-CoA, LDL receptor, sterol regulatory element-binding protein and cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase, and thus affect the body cholesterol levels. Various techniques useful for analysis in nutrigenomics were discussed.

Dr. Ram Rajasekharan (Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science) in his inspiring talk described the cytosolic triacylglcerol (TAG) biosynthetic machinery from the oleaginous yeast, and the monoacylglycerol (MAG) pathway present in the soluble fraction for TAG biosynthesis in developing oilseeds, both of which have been discovered in his laboratory. He illustrated how discoveries in basic research can be used in conjunction with the industry to develop new applications.

Dr. Polani B Sheshagiri (Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science) described the molecular mechanisms of gametogenesis, fertilization, sperm capacitation, blastocyst hatching and early embryonic patterning. He also described the implications of this study on the development in the field of in vitro fertilization, infertility and developmental defects.

Dr. R V Omkumar (Department of Neurobiology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram) described the new biochemical basis for learning and memory. A form of synaptic plasticity called the long-term potentiation (LTP) provides a useful model to study the molecular and cellular mechanism of memory. He explained that calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, a protein involved in LTP can stay persistently active by autophosphorylation for a few years even after the activating stimulus is removed. Also, it is not accessible to the enzyme machinery capable of deactivating it. These features attribute to its role as a memory molecule.

Dr. Sandhya Visweswariah (Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science) in her closing talk of the first day of conference discussed the role of cyclic nucleotides, such as cAMP and cGMP, as the secondary messengers in signaling pathways. The enzymes involved in maintaining the levels of these cyclic nucleotides are largely conserved across species. However, they may be regulated differently in different organisms. cAMP plays a crucial role in olfaction while, cGMP is essential for vision. The message is transmitted from these molecules mostly via G-protein-coupled proteins. The response may be activation or repression of downstream pathways, depending on whether G_s or G_i proteins are involved. Chorela and pertussis toxins are known to interfere with G-protein coupled pathways. Future aspects of research in this field were discussed.

Dr. Deepshikha Chakravorthy (Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science) presented the opening talk of the second day in which she mentioned that Salmonella typhi has now been studied for a hundred years. The existing vaccine that targets the Vi polysaccharide is effective against only 60% Salmonella strains. The pathogenicity islands (SPI1 to SPI5) acquired by Salmonella by horizontal transfer of genetic material make it a pathogen as against E. coli, with which it shares a common ancestry. SPI1 encodes for needle-like proteins essential for pathogenicity, and SPI2 encodes for intracellular proteins that helps the bacteria to survive in the nascent phagosome. Such proteins are essential for maintenance of the bacteria inside the cell during infection and can be potential candidates for vaccine development in future.

Dr. Udaykumar Ranga (Molecular Biology & Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research) discussed the current trends in HIV infection and treatment in his talk. The most promising treatment available at present is known as highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). The new strategies being developed to counter the virus aim to eliminate the latent virus, unlike HAART that eliminates only the virus bulk. Strategies, such as using chromatin remodeling to modulate viral gene transcription, activate quiescent T-cell and thus the latent virus, or to suppress the latent virus without a possibility of activation are being considered for therapeutics.

Prof. Tapas Kumar Kundu (Molecular Biology & Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research) gave a lucid talk on the regulation of gene expression in humans by chromatin dynamics. There is a localization of nuclear processes, modulated by chromatin folding and unfolding which is a consequence of chromatin modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, deacetylation and methylation. Dysfunction of proteins involved in chromatin remodeling, such as histone acetyltransferases (HATs) is responsible for several diseases. Potential use of HAT inhibitors such as anacardic acid, garcinol and LKT-14 in therapy was discussed.

Dr. Ajith V Kamath (Structural Biology, Jubliant Biosciences) presented the recent perspective for drug design used in the biotech industry. Kinases and phosphodiesterases have been implicated in many diseases and are thus promising drug targets. Proteins are crystallized with and/or without their substrates and inhibitors to study the interactions involved. Based on structural and kinetic analysis, leads are identified and followed up.

Dr. S Mahadevan (Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science) commenced the “Spikes and Flashes” session with a talk on microbial biofilms. He discussed the role of quorum sensing in regulating gene expression in bacterial cells. Upon reaching a certain cell density, there is a division of labour in bacterial colonies. Differential gene expression in cells in the same colony enables them to perform separate functions of defense and metabolism. These observations may have significant implications in understanding their physiology and in planning defense strategies against pathogens.

Dr. M. Raghunath (National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad) discussed the role of Wnt/a-catenin pathway in the maternal obesity-induced adepogenesis and obesity in the later life of the offspring. Maternal under-nutrition for a variety of nutrients possibly programs obesity at the developmental level through the Wnt signaling pathway that is highly conserved during evolution. This could be a potential molecular target in alleviating the obesity epidemic.

Dr. Sathees C Raghavan (Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science) presented a review of cancer, its detection and therapy. Genetic aberrations such as mutations, deletions, duplications and translocations lead to various forms of cancer. The recent advances in use of chromosomal translocations as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy were discussed.

Dr. Anjali A Karande (Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science) spoke about the cancer immunotherapeutics in her talk. Conventional methods of therapy include chemotherapy and radiation treatment that kills fast dividing cells. However, the chemotherapeutic drugs may cause toxicity by killing normal fast dividing cells. Also, the patient is susceptible to relapse in the remission period. Immunotherapy during the remission period could prove to be effective against the cancer cells that escape the conventional treatment. Antibodies can be used for specific delivery of anti-cancer drugs to cancer cells, while sparing the normal cells from any damage.

The last session of the conference had talks in the field of biophysics. Dr. Siddartha P Sarma (Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science) presented the history and principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). He concluded his talk with examples of applications of this technique, like in structure determination, pKa determination, monitoring of biochemical reactions, kinetic analysis of the enzymes, protein-substrate interaction protein-protein interaction, in vivo NMR spectroscopy and tracing biosynthetic pathways.

The second talk in biophysics was by Dr. M R N Murthy (Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science) who talked about structural aspects of viruses, virus-like particles and other non-structural viral proteins. The developments in molecular biology, X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy have provided tools to study the assembly and disassembly, and other aspects of viral life cycle, such as translation, replication and enzyme function. These could prove to be crucial for developing new drugs against viral infections.

Thus, the conference brought together the experts from various biological fields that brought forward the current trends of scientific research for the benefit of young students aspiring to be future scientists. The critical discussions after the talks were indicative of the interest and the fervor with which the students attended the conference. In the concluding session of the conference, three participating students summarized the talks presented in the two days of the conference.

Chhavi Mathur, Kalyani Josyula, Chetna Soni, Sudarshan Gadadhar, Ashwini S N, Sunitha N

Department of Biochemistry

Indian Institute of Science

Bangalore – 560 012

Ahmad A 379

Ahmad S 379

Ahmed R S 7, 209, 278

Ali N 16

Amin A 421

Aniba M R 404

Aro E M 237

Aron M 116

Averna M 410

Baig M A 379

Banerjea A C 141

Banerjee B D 7, 209, 278

Bano A S 141

Baquer N Z 57

Bhan M K 219

Bhattacharya A 209

Bishayi B 250

Brahmam A N 341

Bulusu G 365

Canseven A G 326

Chakraborti A 7

Chakravarty A K 23

Chen Q X 184

Chi Z 174

Choi K J 374

Choi T 374

Choudhary N 387

Chowdhury I 289

Coskun S 326

Das D 98

De K 198

Devaky K S 51

Devi M M 263

Dimitrov M I 310

Ding Y 374

Donchev A A 310

Duddukuri G R 341

Dutta A 192

Dutta N N 192

Eldin A A K 332

Elgawad H M A 332

Ellouze O 404

Fattouch S 404

Gao Z Q 244

Gayathri Elayidam U 121

Getov V I 310

Ghosh K K 350

Gogoi S 192

Guha S 75

Gupta N P 116

Gupta S 399

Ha J 374

Han X 374

Haridas M 51

He S 174

Husain S 141

Ilaiyaraja N 30

Ismail M F 44

Jacob T 98

Jain S K 91

Jang M-S 305

Jebasingh T 98

Kandrač J 157

Kanervo E 237

Kanugula S 166

Kaul G 149

Kaur J 149

Khan R H 399

Khan S 141

Khushu S 263

Kim K-S 305

Kim S S 374

Koti J S 166

Krishnamoorthy P 206

Krishnaswamy S 98

Kumar H 141

Kumar P 263

Kumar R 116

Kumar V 269

Lee Jinhwa 374

Lee Jisum 374

Lee S 374

Lee Y-C 305

Leskovac V 157

Li J 174

Liang C W 275

Luo W C 184

Ma D Y 184

Mahmood A 399

Mahmood S 399

Maithal K 91

Maitra S K 289

Malik J 219

Mandal N C 106

Mandal V 106

Mangrauthia S K 387

Marzouki M N 404

Meena K 91

Meng C X 244

Mestiri F 404

Minakshi 111

Mohanty P 37

Mukherjee R 91

Mukhopadhyay R 250

Muraleedharen D 121

Naik R M 126

Neogi U 141

Nirmal N 256

Om Praba G 256

Oommen O V 393

Oza A T 421

Padh H 75

Padhiyar A 421

Pasha S T 209

Pathak D 116

Pathak M G 192

Pathak P P 269

Pathak R 278

Patra S 141

Peričin D 157

Popović M 157

Priya S 317

Pundir C S 111

Qin S 275

Raghavendra A S 37

Raghupathy R 229

Rajarani A P 30

Ramachandran V G 141

Rana P 263

Rani N 141

Rao A 365

Rao D N 341

Rathore A 141

Ray A K 421

Ray P 219

Ray S 198

Riazunnisa K 37

Rima Dada 116

Roy K 198

Roychoudhury J 16

Sadasivan C 51

Sadik N A H 44

Sai Krishna T 37

Sangeetha M 206

Santha I M 30

Satoh K 237

Schansker G 37

Sen S K 106

Sengupta A 289

Sengupta C 198

Sengupta P 91

Seth V 209

Seyhan N 326

Shah M 98

Shaheen A A 44, 332

Shamsi M B 116

Shankar V 141

Sharma D 57

Sharma P S 416

Sharma R 416

Sharma R K 116

Shehata N I 332

Singh G 116

Singh H 116

Singh K 116

Singh M 237

Sinha N 57

Solanki G K 421

Sood V 141

Sreejith P 393

Srinivasan R 365

Srivastava N 410

Srivastava Rai A K 410

Strasser R J 37

Suchithra T V 179

Sudhakaran P R 317

Suke S G 278

Suke S G 7

Sunil B 37

Sunil Kumar P N 51

Suryanarayana T 166

Taha A 57

Tak E 374

Tanwar M 116

Tao X 305

Tian L 275

Toncheva-Panova T G 310

Toromanov G R 310

Tripathi A K 7, 278

Trivić S 157

Tyagi A 387

Tyagi R 416

Usha R 98

Varshney A 263

Vats R P 269

Velmurugan D 256

Venkatesh S 116

Verma S K 350

Wang G C 244

Wang L 174

Wang Q 184

Wang X 174

Xue C B 184

Yadav K D S 345

Yadav R S S 345

Yamamoto Y 237

Yasmin H 23

Ye N H 244

Yeleswarapu S J 365

Yu Z 305

Zhang X W 275

Zuhara K F 179

A
Abscisic acid (ABA)
Cloning and characterization of drought responsive partial gene sequence(s) from Oryza sativa L. subsp. Indica	387
Acalyphin
Modeling studies on PLA₂-inhibitor complexes	256
Acid phosphatase
Hepatoprotective effect of vitamin C on sodium nitrite-induced lipid peroxidation in albino rats	206
Adriamycin (ADR)
Effect of probucol and desferroxamine against adriamycin toxicity in cardiac and renal tissues of rats	44
Aging
Exogenous administration of DHEA attenuates loss of SOD activity in the brain of old rats	57
Melatonin: from discovery in bovine pineal gland to delineation of functions in human	289
AIDS
Host genes that affect progression of AIDS/HIV in India and novel gene therapeutic approaches against HIV	141
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Hepatoprotective effect of vitamin C on sodium nitrite-induced lipid peroxidation in albino rats	206
Alcohol inhibition
Porcine pancreas lipase catalyzed synthesis of lauryl laurate in organic solvent media	192
Alkali metal ions
Effect of Na+ ions on pH-dependent conformational changes in brush border sucrase-isomaltase in mice intestine	399
Alkyldimethyl ethanolammonium bromide
Kinetics of a-chymotrypsin catalyzed hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate in ethanolamine surfactants	350
Alternative oxidase (AOX)
Mitochondrial complex I impairment and differential carbon monoxide sensitivity of cytochrome c oxidase in wild type and CMS II mutants of Nicotiana sylvestris	126
Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Dietary cholesterol and estrogen administration elevate brain apolipoprotein E in mice by different mechanisms	410
Aminolevulinate (ALA)
Localization of heme biosyntheis pathway enzymes in Plasmodium falciparum	365
Amphotericin B
Sodium stibogluconate: Therapeutic use in the management of leishmaniasis	16
α-Amylase (amyA)
Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a-amylase gene from a marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. MY-1	305
Anabas testudineus
Tri-iodothyronine alters superoxide dismutase expression in a teleost Anabas testudineus	393
Antibacterial efficacy
Optimized culture conditions for bacteriocin production by Pediococcus acidilactici LAB 5 and its characterization	106
Antibodies
Natural immunity to rotavirus infection in children	219
Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
Natural immunity to rotavirus infection in children	219
Antigen, soluble
Effects of soluble antigen-induced immune cell activation on steroidogenesis in murine lymphoid organ	250
Antimonials, pentavalent
Sodium stibogluconate: Therapeutic use in the management of leishmaniasis	16
Antioxidants
Effects of various extremely low frequency magnetic fields on the free radical processes, natural antioxidant system and respiratory burst system activities in the heart and liver tissues	326
Hepatoprotective effect of vitamin C on sodium nitrite-induced lipid peroxidation in albino rats	206
QSAR study of lipid peroxidation-inhibition potential of some phenolic antioxidants	198
Tri-iodothyronine alters superoxide dismutase expression in a teleost Anabas testudineus	393
Anti-viral therapy
Host genes that affect progression of AIDS/HIV in India and novel gene therapeutic approaches against HIV	141
Apicoplast
Localization of heme biosyntheis pathway enzymes in Plasmodium falciparum	365
Aplysulphurin 1
Modeling studies on PLA₂-inhibitor complexes	256
Apolipoprotein (apo) E
Dietary cholesterol and estrogen administration elevate brain apolipoprotein E in mice by different mechanisms	410
Apoptosis
Activation of cell mediated immune response and apoptosis towards malignant cells with turmeric treatment in murine model	23
Curcumin-induced recovery from hepatic injury involves induction of apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells	317
Archaea, thermoacidophilic
DNA aggregation by an archaeal DNA binding protein Sac10b and its novel DNA nicking activity	166
Arylalkylamine N-acetyl transferase (AA-NAT)
Melatonin: from discovery in bovine pineal gland to delineation of functions in human	289
Arylamine glass beads
Co-immobilization of lipase, glycerol kinase, glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase and peroxidase on to aryl amine glass beads affixed on plastic strip for determination of triglycerides in serum	111
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Hepatoprotective effect of vitamin C on sodium nitrite-induced lipid peroxidation in albino rats	206
Aspergillus flavus
Enzymatic characteristics of quercetinases from some indigenous Aspergillus flavus strains	345
Assisted reproduction technique (ART)
Genetic screening in couples experiencing recurrent assisted procreation failure	116
ATP hydrolysis
Protein translocation pathways across the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes	149
Austin model 1
Semi-empirical calculations on paullones, a promising class of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors	416
Autoimmunity
Xenobiotic-induced immune alterations: Implications in health and disease	7
AZF
Genetic screening in couples experiencing recurrent assisted procreation failure	116

B
Bacteriocin
Optimized culture conditions for bacteriocin production by Pediococcus acidilactici LAB 5 and its characterization	106
Beta density
Polaron hopping in some biomolecular solids and their charge transfer complexes	421
Biological rhythm
Melatonin: from discovery in bovine pineal gland to delineation of functions in human	289
Blood sugar
Myeloperoxidase activity in infection complicated and uninfected diabetic patients	179
Bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE)
QSAR study of lipid peroxidation-inhibition potential of some phenolic antioxidants	198
Brain
Dietary cholesterol and estrogen administration elevate brain apolipoprotein E in mice by different mechanisms	410
Exogenous administration of DHEA attenuates loss of SOD activity in the brain of old rats	57
Brassica juncea
Cloning and characterization of DGAT cDNA sequence from Brassica juncea cv. Pusa Bold	30
Brush border sucrase
Effect of Na+ ions on pH-dependent conformational changes in brush border sucrase-isomaltase in mice intestine	399

C
Calvin cycle
Thermodynamic properties of the Calvin cycle and pentose phosphate pathway	157
Cancer
Melatonin: from discovery in bovine pineal gland to delineation of functions in human	289
Carbon monoxide sensitivity
Mitochondrial complex I impairment and differential carbon monoxide sensitivity of cytochrome c oxidase in wild type and CMS II mutants of Nicotiana sylvestris	126
Cardamom mosaic virus (CdMV)
Optimized expression, solubilization and purification of nuclear inclusion protein b of cardamom mosaic virus	98
Cardiolipin
Pichia pastoris INO1 gene expression affects intracellular maltase activity and MAL1+ gene expression in Schizosaccharomyces pombe	174
b-Carotene
Polaron hopping in some biomolecular solids and their charge transfer complexes	421
Carotenoids
Functional characterization of sll0659 from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803	275
Catalase (CAT)
Hepatoprotective effect of vitamin C on sodium nitrite-induced lipid peroxidation in albino rats	206
Cathepsins
as fundamental effectors of endolysosomal proteolysis	75
CCR5
Host genes that affect progression of AIDS/HIV in India and novel gene therapeutic approaches against HIV	141
Cell division
Functional characterization of sll0659 from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803	275
Cellular immunity
Activation of cell mediated immune response and apoptosis towards malignant cells with turmeric treatment in murine model	23
Chaperone activity
A new method for purification of functional recombinant GST-cyclophilin A protein from E. coli	374
Charge transfer complexes
Polaron hopping in some biomolecular solids and their charge transfer complexes	421
Chemokine receptor
Host genes that affect progression of AIDS/HIV in India and novel gene therapeutic approaches against HIV	141
Children
Natural immunity to rotavirus infection in children	219
Chlorogenic acid
Modeling studies on PLA₂-inhibitor complexes	256
Chlorophyll
Application of fast chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (OJIP) analysis to monitor functional integrity of pea (Pisum sativum) mesophyll protoplasts during isolation	37
In vivo quality control of photosystem II in cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: D1 protein degradation and repair under the influence of light, heat and darkness	237
Cholesterol
Dietary cholesterol and estrogen administration elevate brain apolipoprotein E in mice by different mechanisms	410
Chromatofocusing
Plastocyanin microheterogeneity in Scenedesmus acutus MT8	310
Chromosomal abnormalities
Genetic screening in couples experiencing recurrent assisted procreation failure	116
a-Chymotrypsin (a-CT)
Kinetics of a-chymotrypsin catalyzed hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate in ethanolamine surfactants	350
Cloning
Cloning and characterization of DGAT cDNA sequence from Brassica juncea cv. Pusa Bold	30
Cloning and characterization of drought responsive partial gene sequence(s) from Oryza sativa L. subsp. Indica	387
Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a-amylase gene from a marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. MY-1	305
Optimized conditions for high-level expression and purification of recombinant human interleukin-2 in E. coli	91
Co-immobilization
Co-immobilization of lipase, glycerol kinase, glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase and peroxidase on to aryl amine glass beads affixed on plastic strip for determination of triglycerides in serum	111
Coproporphyrinogen
Localization of heme biosyntheis pathway enzymes in Plasmodium falciparum	365
Corticosterone
Effects of soluble antigen-induced immune cell activation on steroidogenesis in murine lymphoid organ	250
Cotton
Identification and partial characterization of juvenile hormone esterase from cotton pest Dysdercus cingulatus	121
Curcuma longa Linn.
Activation of cell mediated immune response and apoptosis towards malignant cells with turmeric treatment in murine model	23
Curcumin-induced recovery from hepatic injury involves induction of apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells	317
Curcumin
Activation of cell mediated immune response and apoptosis towards malignant cells with turmeric treatment in murine model	23
Curcumin-induced recovery from hepatic injury involves induction of apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells	317
Modeling studies on PLA₂-inhibitor complexes	256
Cyanobacteria
In vivo quality control of photosystem II in cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: D1 protein degradation and repair under the influence of light, heat and darkness	237
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor
Semi-empirical calculations on paullones, a promising class of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors	416
Cyclophilin A (CypA)
A new method for purification of functional recombinant GST-cyclophilin A protein from E. coli	374
Cystibiotics
Optimized culture conditions for bacteriocin production by Pediococcus acidilactici LAB 5 and its characterization	106
Cytochrome c
Polaron hopping in some biomolecular solids and their charge transfer complexes	421
Cytochrome oxidase
Mitochondrial complex I impairment and differential carbon monoxide sensitivity of cytochrome c oxidase in wild type and CMS II mutants of Nicotiana sylvestris	126
Cytokines
Alterations in immunoglobulins and cytokine levels in blood of malathion poisoning cases	209
Effects of soluble antigen-induced immune cell activation on steroidogenesis in murine lymphoid organ	250
Manipulation of cytokine production profiles as a therapeutic approach for immunologic pregnancy loss	229
Melatonin treatment prevents modulation of cell-mediated immune response induced by propoxur in rats	278
Natural immunity to rotavirus infection in children	219
Optimized conditions for high-level expression and purification of recombinant human interleukin-2 in E. coli	91
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
Activation of cell mediated immune response and apoptosis towards malignant cells with turmeric treatment in murine model	23

D
DBNP (DNA binding nucleoid protein)
DNA aggregation by an archaeal DNA binding protein Sac10b and its novel DNA nicking activity	166
D1 degradation
In vivo quality control of photosystem II in cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: D1 protein degradation and repair under the influence of light, heat and darkness	237
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Effects of soluble antigen-induced immune cell activation on steroidogenesis in murine lymphoid organ	250
Exogenous administration of DHEA attenuates loss of SOD activity in the brain of old rats	57
Desferroxamine (DFO)
Effect of probucol and desferroxamine against adriamycin toxicity in cardiac and renal tissues of rats	44
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Myeloperoxidase activity in infection complicated and uninfected diabetic patients	179
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)
Cloning and characterization of DGAT cDNA sequence from Brassica juncea cv. Pusa Bold	30
Diarrhea
Natural immunity to rotavirus infection in children	219
2, 6-Dichloroindophenol (DCIP)
Isolation and characterization of photosystem II from the filamentous sporophyte of Porphyra yezoensis	244
Diclofenac (DC)
Protective effect of taurine and quercetin against renal dysfunction associated with the combined use of gentamycin and diclofenac	332
Differential expression
Cloning and characterization of drought responsive partial gene sequence(s) from Oryza sativa L. subsp. Indica	387
Dimorphism
Plastocyanin microheterogeneity in Scenedesmus acutus MT8	310
Dioxygenase
Enzymatic characteristics of quercetinases from some indigenous Aspergillus flavus strains	345
Diphenolase
Inhibitory effects of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde on the activity of phenoloxidase from Pieris rapae larvae	184
DNA
aggregation
DNA aggregation by an archaeal DNA binding protein Sac10b and its novel DNA nicking activity	166
isolation
Cloning and characterization of DGAT cDNA sequence from Brassica juncea cv. Pusa Bold	30
nicking
DNA aggregation by an archaeal DNA binding protein Sac10b and its novel DNA nicking activity	166
DNA-enzymes
Host genes that affect progression of AIDS/HIV in India and novel gene therapeutic approaches against HIV	141
Doxorubicin hydrochloride. see Adriamycin (ADR)
Drought
Cloning and characterization of drought responsive partial gene sequence(s) from Oryza sativa L. subsp. Indica	387
Dydrogesterone
Manipulation of cytokine production profiles as a therapeutic approach for immunologic pregnancy loss	229
Dysdercus cingulatus
Identification and partial characterization of juvenile hormone esterase from cotton pest Dysdercus cingulatus	121

E
Electromagnetic fields (EMF)
Effects of various extremely low frequency magnetic fields on the free radical processes, natural antioxidant system and respiratory burst system activities in the heart and liver tissues	326
Electromagnetic waves (EMW)
Harmful effects of 41 and 202 MHz radiations on some body parts and tissues	269
Endosomes
Cathepsins: Fundamental effectors of endolysosomal proteolysis	75
Environment
Cloning and characterization of drought responsive partial gene sequence(s) from Oryza sativa L. subsp. Indica	387
Xenobiotic-induced immune alterations: Implications in health and disease	7
Enzyme immobilization
Co-immobilization of lipase, glycerol kinase, glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase and peroxidase on to aryl amine glass beads affixed on plastic strip for determination of triglycerides in serum	111
Estrogen
Dietary cholesterol and estrogen administration elevate brain apolipoprotein E in mice by different mechanisms	410
Ethanolic turmeric extract (ETE)
Activation of cell mediated immune response and apoptosis towards malignant cells with turmeric treatment in murine model	23
Expression
Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a-amylase gene from a marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. MY-1	305
Optimized conditions for high-level expression and purification of recombinant human interleukin-2 in E. coli	91
Optimized expression, solubilization and purification of nuclear inclusion protein b of cardamom mosaic virus	98
Pichia pastoris INO1 gene expression affects intracellular maltase activity and MAL1+ gene expression in Schizosaccharomyces pombe	174
Expression, differential
Cloning and characterization of drought responsive partial gene sequence(s) from Oryza sativa L. subsp. Indica	387

F
FA-MLR (Multiple linear regression with factor analysis)
QSAR study of lipid peroxidation-inhibition potential of some phenolic antioxidants	198
Flourescence activated cell sorter (FACS)
Activation of cell mediated immune response and apoptosis towards malignant cells with turmeric treatment in murine model	23
Fluorescence (Chl a)
Application of fast chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (OJIP) analysis to monitor functional integrity of pea (Pisum sativum) mesophyll protoplasts during isolation	37
Folic acid
Polaron hopping in some biomolecular solids and their charge transfer complexes	421
Food spoilage
Optimized culture conditions for bacteriocin production by Pediococcus acidilactici LAB 5 and its characterization	106
Formic acid
A new method for purification of functional recombinant GST-cyclophilin A protein from E. coli	374
Free radicals
Effects of various extremely low frequency magnetic fields on the free radical processes, natural antioxidant system and respiratory burst system activities in the heart and liver tissues	326
Melatonin: from discovery in bovine pineal gland to delineation of functions in human	289
Fungal strains
Enzymatic characteristics of quercetinases from some indigenous Aspergillus flavus strains	345

G
Gender
Non-invasive assessment of oxidative capacity in young Indian men and women	263
Gene expression
Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a-amylase gene from a marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. MY-1	305
Optimized conditions for high-level expression and purification of recombinant human interleukin-2 in E. coli	91
Optimized expression, solubilization and purification of nuclear inclusion protein b of cardamom mosaic virus	98
Pichia pastoris INO1 gene expression affects intracellular maltase activity and MAL1+ gene expression in Schizosaccharomyces pombe	174
Gene sequencing
Cloning and characterization of DGAT cDNA sequence from Brassica juncea cv. Pusa Bold	30
Gentamycin
Protective effect of taurine and quercetin against renal dysfunction associated with the combined use of gentamycin and diclofenac	332
Gibbs free energy
Thermodynamic properties of the Calvin cycle and pentose phosphate pathway	157
Glucocorticoid (GC)
Effects of soluble antigen-induced immune cell activation on steroidogenesis in murine lymphoid organ	250
Glucose repression
Pichia pastoris INO1 gene expression affects intracellular maltase activity and MAL1+ gene expression in Schizosaccharomyces pombe	174
Gluthatione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein
A new method for purification of functional recombinant GST-cyclophilin A protein from E. coli	374
Glycerol kinase (GK)
Co-immobilization of lipase, glycerol kinase, glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase and peroxidase on to aryl amine glass beads affixed on plastic strip for determination of triglycerides in serum	111
Glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase (GPO)
Co-immobilization of lipase, glycerol kinase, glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase and peroxidase on to aryl amine glass beads affixed on plastic strip for determination of triglycerides in serum	111
Gracilin A
Modeling studies on PLA₂-inhibitor complexes	256
Gramicidin
Polaron hopping in some biomolecular solids and their charge transfer complexes	421

H
Health
Xenobiotic-induced immune alterations: Implications in health and disease	7
Heart
Effect of probucol and desferroxamine against adriamycin toxicity in cardiac and renal tissues of rats	44
Heat-shock protein (HSPs)
Localization of heme biosyntheis pathway enzymes in Plasmodium falciparum	365
Heavy metals
Xenobiotic-induced immune alterations: Implications in health and disease	7
Heme
Purification and characterization of sulfite oxidase from goat liver	379
biosynthesis
Localization of heme biosyntheis pathway enzymes in Plasmodium falciparum	365
Hepatic fibrosis
Curcumin-induced recovery from hepatic injury involves induction of apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells	317
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)
Curcumin-induced recovery from hepatic injury involves induction of apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells	317
Hepatotoxicity
Hepatoprotective effect of vitamin C on sodium nitrite-induced lipid peroxidation in albino rats	206
Highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)
Semi-empirical calculations on paullones, a promising class of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors	416
HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)
Host genes that affect progression of AIDS/HIV in India and novel gene therapeutic approaches against HIV	141
Hormones
Effects of soluble antigen-induced immune cell activation on steroidogenesis in murine lymphoid organ	250
Juvenile hormone esterase (JHE)
Identification and partial characterization of juvenile hormone esterase from cotton pest Dysdercus cingulatus	121
HSNP (helix-stabilizing nucleoid proteins)
DNA aggregation by an archaeal DNA binding protein Sac10b and its novel DNA nicking activity	166
Human lactoferrin (HLf)
Conformation of a residue substituted fragment (349-364) of human lactoferrin protein in DMSO-d₆ by ¹H NMR and restrained molecular dynamics	51
2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (2-HBD)
Inhibitory effects of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde on the activity of phenoloxidase from Pieris rapae larvae	184
Hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase (HIOMT)
Melatonin: from discovery in bovine pineal gland to delineation of functions in human	289
Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA)
Effects of soluble antigen-induced immune cell activation on steroidogenesis in mur

Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics

CONTENTS

Minireview

Papers

Ahmad A	379
Ahmad S	379
Amin A	421
Aniba M R	404
Averna M	410

Baig M A	379
Bulusu G	365
Choi K J	374
Choi T	374

Choudhary N	387
Ding Y	374
Ellouze O	404
Fattouch S	404
Gupta S	399

Ha J	374
Han X	374
Khan R H	399
Kim S S	374
Lee Jinhwa	374
Lee Jisum	374

Lee S	374
Mahmood A	399
Mahmood S	399
Mangrauthia S K	387
Marzouki M N	404
Mestiri F	404
Oommen O V	393
Oza A T	421
Padhiyar A	421

Rao A	365
Ray A K	421

Sharma P S	416
Sharma R	416
Solanki G K	421

Sreejith P	393
Srinivasan R	365
Srivastava N	410
Srivastava Rai A K	410

Tak E	374
Tyagi A	387
Tyagi R	416
Yeleswarapu S J	365