Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
http://www.niscair.res.in; http://nopr.niscair.res.in
Total visitors:3332 since 22-03-2010
VOLUME
17 |
NUMBER 2 |
MARCH 2010 |
CODEN: ICHTEU |
|
ISSN: 0971-457X |
CONTENTS
|
Papers |
|
|
|
|
|
Corrosion inhibition of Al-Mg alloy by gentisic acid |
89 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inhibition of corrosion of copper by 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole in |
95 |
|
3.5% NaCl solution |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Performance of different organic coatings on steel substrate by accelerated |
102 |
|
and in atmospheric exposure tests |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sonochemical degradation of p-chlorophenol in aqueous solution using |
111 |
|
hypervalent iron |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fluoride removal from water using crushed limestone |
120 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Performance and stability study of vegetable oil based supported liquid |
126 |
|
membrane |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Study of bulk liquid membrane as a separation technique to recover acetic |
133 |
|
and propionic acids from dilute solutions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Synthesis of a biodegradable polyacrylonitrile/sodium silicate nanocomposite |
139 |
|
fire retardant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dissolution of copper from a primary chalcopyrite ore calcined with and |
145 |
|
without Fe2O3 in sulphuric acid solution |
|
|
|
|
Spectrophotometric determination of frusemide by its oxidation with ceric |
150 |
|
ammonium sulphate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes |
|
|
|
|
|
Extraction chromatographic separation of molybdenum(VI) with high |
154 |
|
molecular weight liquid anion exchanger |
|
|
Sudarshan J Kokate, Amol A Gavande, Vittal K Vikhe, Haribhau R Aher |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Author
Index |
159 |
|
|
|
|
Keyword
Index |
160 |
|
|
|
Guidelines for
Authors |
161 |
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
17, March 2010, pp. 89-94
Corrosion inhibition of Al-Mg alloy by gentisic acid
L Vrsalović*, M Kliškić,
Department of Electrochemistry and Protection of Materials, Faculty
of Chemistry and Technology,
Email: ladislav@ktf-split.hr
Received
29 June 2009; revised 19 October 2009
Gentisic acid was studied for possible use as an Al-2.5Mg alloy corrosion inhibitor in a 0.5 mol dm-3 NaCl solution. Investigations were performed on a rotating disc electrode in a quiescent solution at different electrode rotation rates and electrolyte temperatures. The results indicate that, the addition of gentisic acid inhibits corrosion of Al-2.5Mg alloy, and the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentration but decreases with increasing electrode rotation rate and electrolyte temperature. The investigated compound acts as a cathodic-type inhibitor and the inhibition is ascribed to the adsorption of the inhibitor onto the electrode surface. The adsorptive behaviour of gentisic acid follows the Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
Keywords: Al-Mg alloy, Corrosion inhibition, Gentisic acid,
Rotating disc electrode, Adsorption, Activation energy
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
17, March 2010, pp. 95-101
Inhibition of corrosion of copper by
2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole
in 3.5% NaCl solution
M Yadav*& Dipti Sharma
Department of Applied Chemistry,
Email : yadav_drmahendra@yahoo.co.in
Received 24 March 2009; revised 7 December 2009
The inhibitor 2,5-dimercapto1,3,4-thiadiazole shows
94.48 percent inhibition efficiency in controlling corrosion of copper in
3.5%NaCl solution at pH 7.0. The mechanistic aspects of corrosion inhibition, based
on the results obtained from the weight loss method, potentiostatic polarization
study, AC-impedance study, UV-visible absorption study and surface study by
FTIR, ESCA and SEM have been discussed. The inhibitor 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole
appears to inhibit corrosion process through formation of protective film which
was found to consist of Cu(I)-inhibitor complex, cuprous chloride, CuCl or
complex ion or both and no oxide of copper on the
surface.
Keywords: Copper, Corrosion inhibition,
2,5-Dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol. 17, March 2010, pp. 102-110
Performance of different organic coatings on steel substrate by accelerated and in atmospheric exposure tests
Jayanta Kumar Saha1*, P K Mitra2,
S Paul2 & D D
1Institute for Steel Development &
Growth, Kolkata 700 019,
2Metallurgical
& Material Engineering,
3National Metallurgical Laboratory,
Email:
jayantaksaha@gmail.com
Received 29 July
2009; revised 17 November 2009
Organic
coatings act as a barrier to a corrosive solution and check the transfer of
electrical charge from the corrosive solution. High
performance organic paint systems were applied on plain carbon steel substrate
with two different primers viz.,
epoxy Zn phosphate and epoxy Zn rich. Identical intermediate and top coats were
applied on them having equal dry film thickness. Both uncontrolled long term
testing and controlled laboratory testing were conducted to evaluate the
performance of the coatings. Salt spray, and electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS), were carried out on fresh coated panels whereas both EIS
and DC polarisation studies were done on the panels withdrawn from field
exposure racks using different electrolytes. Polarisation resistance, coating
capacitance, water absorption, and corrosion potential were studied to
understand the causes of deterioration and to have faster assessment of
durability of these paint formulations. Corrosion products were characterised
by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) through morphology and Raman spectra
through phase identification. The
performance of epoxy Zn phosphate base primer is very much comparable with
epoxy Zn rich base primer. The findings were supported from the tests conducted
on the panels exposed for two years under the industrial climatic conditions.
The rust formed under the atmospheric condition is non protective
lepodocrocite.
Keywords: Primers, Organic coating, Atmospheric corrosion, EIS, SEM, Raman
spectroscopy
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol. 17, March 2010, pp. 111-119
Sonochemical degradation of p-chlorophenol in aqueous solution using hypervalent iron
Praveena
Juliya Dorathi R & K Palanivelu*
Centre for Environmental Studies,
Email: kpvelu@annauniv.edu
Received 27 August 2009; revised 2 February 2010
Sonochemical degradation of p-chlorophenol (CP) by coupling a well-known environmental friendly oxidant – iron (VI) in the form of potassium ferrate, with the assistance of sonication (Sono ferrate) was experimented upon in this work. The efficiency of the method was monitored by the degradation and mineralization of p-chlorophenol. The relevant parameters namely pH and ferrate: CP ratio were optimized. The optimal pH and the ferrate: CP ratio for the sono ferrate method was found to be 8.0 and 3:1 at which the removal efficiency with respect to chemical oxygen demand was found to be 85.7% in 75 min and the mineralization efficiency (TOC removal) was 71.6%. It was observed that sono ferrate method was more effective than simple ferrate method. Hence it is recommended to use sono ferrate method as an effective, clean and green way of degrading CP.
Keywords: p-Chlorophenol,
Degradation, Potassium ferrate, Sonication, Sono ferrate
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.17,
March 2010, pp. 120-125
Fluoride removal from water using crushed limestone
Suresh K Nath & Robin K Dutta*
Department of Chemical Sciences,
Email: suresh@tezu.ernet.in, robind@tezu.ernet.in
Received 15 April 2009; revised 22 January 2010
An examination of defluoridation by
industrial grade limestone indicated that a combination of precipitation and
adsorption of fluoride can be more effective for defluoridation of water.
Pre-acidified fluoride water using two edible acids, viz., acetic acid (AA) and citric acid (CA) have been used for
treatment by crushed limestone of diameter 3-4 mm to precipitate fluoride as
CaF2 in addition to adsorption of fluoride on limestone. The study
has been carried out in batches by varying the acid concentration and contact
time. Addition of the acids to the water before treatment with the crushed
limestone in batch tests significantly improved the fluoride removal and this
increased with the increase in the concentrations of the acids. The
concentration of CA and AA required bringing down the fluoride concentration
from 10 to 1.5 mg/L, are 0.05 M and 0.033 M, respectively, when the crushed
limestone chips sample was used for the first time with contact time of 12 h. The
acids are neutralized by limestone during the defluoridation process and the
resulting final pH of the treated
water was found to be in the ranges of 6.2 and 7.0 for CA and 5.7 and 7.0 for
AA.
Keywords: Defluoridaton, Limestone, Calcite, Acetic acid, Citric
acid
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.17,
March 2010, pp. 126-132
Performance and stability study of vegetable oil based
Supported Liquid Membrane
Mousumi
Chakraborty*, Dilip Dobaria & Parimal A Parikh
Department of Chemical Engineering, S.V. National Institute of
Technology,
Email: mch@ched.svnit.ac.in
Received 25 March 2009; revised 5 October 2009
A study on Supported Liquid Membrane (SLM) system has been performed for removal and recovery of a textile dye Red 4G from the aqueous solution. Renewable, non toxic, natural vegetable oils as liquid membrane phase have been incorporated in Polypropylene(PP) supported teflon membrane. Membrane phase composition, pH of feed solution, acid/base concentration in the striping solution and initial dye concentrations are systematically investigated using vegetable oil based SLM during the extraction of dye. Stability study of SLM is carried out with ‘wet surface’ and ‘dry surface’ membranes. The Scanning electron microscope (SEM) combined with Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of membranes after continuous operation shows that the membrane phases are retained within the membrane pores and only small losses of the membrane phase initially located on the surface are observed. These observations are in complete agreement with the membrane phase losses determined by mass balance.
Keywords: Supported liquid membrane, Vegetable oils, PP
supported teflon membrane, Red 4G dye, SEM, EDX
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
17, March 2010, pp. 133-138
Study of bulk liquid membrane as a separation technique to recover acetic and propionic acids from dilute solutions
A Kaur* & D K Vohra
University Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Sector 25,
Email: anupreetz@yahoo.co.in
Received 14 May 2009; revised 1 December 2009
Liquid membranes incorporating potential chemical species can perform rapid and selective transport of a variety of guest species and that too being much energy efficient than other separation methods. Separation characteristics of a bulk liquid membrane were investigated to recover acetic acid and propionic acid from dilute aqueous solutions by reactive extraction process. The liquid membrane made up of trioctylamine as an extractant and toluene as an organic diluent was tested. The membrane was kept in contact with two aqueous phases namely acidic feed phase and alkaline strip phase. The parameters affecting the extraction of the acid including nature of the feed phase, sodium hydroxide concentration in the strip phase and concentration of trioctylamine in membrane phase were investigated. The membrane system was observed to have potential to extract both the acids which was confirmed with the increase in the percentage extraction and the mass-transfer coefficient with time. The set-up under investigation could extract about 40% of the acid in first five hours of operation under defined conditions. The set-up was found to be more favourable for propionic acid in comparison to acetic acid as the difference in extraction efficiency widens with the increase in the strength of the strip phase solution.
Keywords: Bulk liquid
membrane, Reactive extraction, Recovery of propionic acid, Acetic acid, TOA
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
17, March 2010, pp. 139-144
Synthesis of a biodegradable polyacrylonitrile/sodium silicate nanocomposite
fire retardant
Ramakanta Samal & Prafulla K Sahoo*
Department of Chemistry,
Email:
psahoochemuu@satyam.net.in
Received 15 June 2009; revised 26 October 2009
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/Sodium silicate (SS) nanocomposite was synthesized via non-conventional emulsifier free emulsion method using an in situ developed transition metal complex Cu(II)/EDTA taking potassium monopersulfate (KMPS) as initiator, with a novel motive of converting hydrophobic homopolymer PAN into hydrophilic nanocomposite by the inclusion of SS to the homopolymer. The formation of the PAN/SS nanocomposite was confirmed by infrared spectra (IR). Furthermore, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the composite so obtained was found to have nano scale structure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out suggesting that the silicate layers were exfoliated or intercalated during the polymerization process. An increase in the thermal stability for the developed nanocomposite was recorded by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The combustion behaviour has been evaluated using oxygen consumption cone calorimeter and the nanocomposite exhibited good fire retardancy. The PAN/SS nanocomposite was found to be biodegradable as tested by sludge water and further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Keywords: Emulsifier-free emulsion, Nanocomposite, Fire retardant,
Biodegradation
Synthesis of a biodegradable polyacrylonitrile/sodium silicate nanocomposite fire retardant
Ramakanta Samal & Prafulla K Sahoo*
Department of Chemistry,
Email:
psahoochemuu@satyam.net.in
Received 15 June 2009; revised 26 October 2009
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/Sodium silicate (SS) nanocomposite was synthesized via non-conventional emulsifier free emulsion method using an in situ developed transition metal complex Cu(II)/EDTA taking potassium monopersulfate (KMPS) as initiator, with a novel motive of converting hydrophobic homopolymer PAN into hydrophilic nanocomposite by the inclusion of SS to the homopolymer. The formation of the PAN/SS nanocomposite was confirmed by infrared spectra (IR). Furthermore, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the composite so obtained was found to have nano scale structure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out suggesting that the silicate layers were exfoliated or intercalated during the polymerization process. An increase in the thermal stability for the developed nanocomposite was recorded by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The combustion behaviour has been evaluated using oxygen consumption cone calorimeter and the nanocomposite exhibited good fire retardancy. The PAN/SS nanocomposite was found to be biodegradable as tested by sludge water and further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Keywords: Emulsifier-free emulsion, Nanocomposite, Fire retardant,
Biodegradation
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
17, March 2010, pp. 145-149
Dissolution of copper from a primary chalcopyrite ore calcined with and without Fe2O3 in sulphuric acid solution
Mustafa Gülfen* & Ali
Osman Aydın
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Sakarya
University
TR-54187, Esentepe Campus, Sakarya – Turkey
Email: mgulfen@sakarya.edu.tr
Received
27 May 2009; revised 30 October 2009
Dissolution of copper from a primary chalcopyrite ore supplied from Damar mine area in
X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the leaching experiments, the effects of
calcination temperature, sulphuric acid concentration, solid/liquid ratio,
agitation rate, particle size and dissolution temperature and time on copper
dissolution were examined. It was found that Fe2O3
addition contributed to sulphation during the calcination and then copper
dissolution.
Keywords: Chalcopyrite, Iron(III) oxide, Sulphation,
Dissolution, Sulphuric acid
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol. 17, March 2010, pp.
150-153
Spectrophotometric determination of frusemide by its
oxidation with
ceric ammonium sulphate
B Narayana* & K Ashwini
Department of Post
Graduate Studies and Research in Chemistry,
Email: nbadiadka@yahoo.co.uk
Received 3 August 2009; revised 7 December 2009
A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric
method is described for the determination of frusemide (FRU). The method is
based on the reaction of FRU with measured excess of ceric ammonium sulphate
(CAS) followed by the determination of unreacted oxidant using xylene cyanol FF
(XC) (Method A) and safranin O (SAF) (Method B). The reaction mixture exhibited
maximum absorbance at 612 nm (Method A) and 526 nm (Method B). The calibration
graph was linear from 20.00 to 30.00 µg mL-1 and 6.00 to 16.00 µg mL-1
for methods A and B respectively. The apparent molar absorptivity and
Sandell’s sensitivity for method A and B were calculated to be 1.160×104
L mol-1cm-1, 2.025´104 L mol-1 cm-1 and
2.82×10-3 µg cm-2, 0.0163 µg cm-2
respectively. The method has been applied for the determination of frusemide in
pure and dosage forms.
Keywords:
Frusemide determination, Oxidation, Ceric ammonium sulphate, Spectrophotometry
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
17, March 2010, pp. 154-157
Extraction chromatographic
separation of molybdenum(VI) with high molecular weight liquid anion exchanger
Sudarshan J Kokate, Amol A Gavande, Vittal K Vikhe, Haribhau R Aher & Shashikant R Kuchekar*
P. G. Department of Analytical Chemistry,
At/Po – Loni (Kd), Tal. Rahata, Dist.
Ahmednagar, 413 713,
Email: shashi17@gmail.com
Received 29 June 2009; revised 24 November 2009
New and
innovative separation method was developed for extraction of molybdenum(VI)
from aqueous chloride media with N-n-octylaniline (liquid anion exchanger)
coated on silica gel. Molybdenum(VI) was quantitatively extracted from 1.25 M
HCl, eluted with distilled water and determined by spectrophotometric method.
Different parameters viz. effect of
HCl concentration, N-n-octylaniline concentration and flow
rate of mobile phase were studied. The method was applied for separation of
molybdenum(VI) from binary mixtures and synthetic mixtures corresponding to
alloys and fertilizer samples.
Keywords: Extraction
chromatography, Molybdenum(VI)
separation, N-n-Octylaniline, Liquid ion exchanger