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VOLUME 13 |
NUMBER 5 |
SEPTEMBER 2006 |
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CODEN: ICHTEU |
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ISSN:0971-457X |
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CONTENTS
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Papers |
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Modelling
of the displacement washing of pulp fibre bed |
433 |
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IPC
Code:
D21C9/02 |
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Shelly
Arora, S S Dhaliwal & V K
Kukreja |
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Simultaneous
heat and mass transfer studies in drying ammonium chloride in a
batch-fluidized bed dryer |
440 |
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IPC
Code:
C09K5/00, B01J8/00 |
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Hydrophobic
flocculation characteristics of calcite and effects of some inorganic
dispersants |
448 |
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IPC
Code:
C02F1/52 |
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An easy
spectrophotometric determination of selenium using azure B as a chromogenic
reagent |
455 |
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IPC
Code:
C01B19/00, G01J3/00 |
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Mendalin Mathew & Badiadka
Narayana |
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Reversible
inhibition of polyphenol oxidase from apple using L-cysteine |
459 |
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IPC
Code:
C12N9/00 |
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R N
Gacche, A M Shete, N A Dhole &
V S Ghole |
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Application
of chitosan and alginate in treating waste water containing heavy metal ions |
464 |
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IPC
Code: C02F1/00,
C02F1/62 |
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Yimin
Qin, Bingbing Shi & Jingjie
Liu |
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Diacetylmonoxime-(p-anisyl)-thiosemicarbazone as a new
chromogenicreagent for determination of thallium |
470 |
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IPC
Code:
C22B61/00 |
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Anitha Varghese & A M A Khadar |
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Adsorption
of fluoride onto magnesia-Equilibrium and thermodynamic study |
476 |
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IPC
Code:
B01D15/00 |
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Complexometric
determination of palladium(II) using ethanethiol as a selective masking agent |
484 |
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IPC
Code:
C22B1/244 |
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J
Karthikeyan, P Parameshwara, A Nityananda
Shetty & Prakash Shetty |
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Citronellol
dehydrogenation over copper-magnesium oxide catalyst |
488 |
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IPC
Code:
C07B35/04 |
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Vapour
phase methylation of phenol over nanocrystalline ZnFe2-xAlxO4
(x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) ferrospinel system |
493 |
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IPC
Code:
C07B37/00 |
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Vanga S Reddy, A
RadheShyam, R Dwivedi, A Rai, M Anilkumar, V R Chumbale, A S Aswar & R Prasad |
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Catalytic
wet oxidation of phenol and its derivatives with Fe2O3
and MnO2 |
499 |
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IPC
Code:
C07C27/10, C07C39/04 |
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Suranjana Chaliha & Krishna G
Bhattacharyya |
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Optimization
of Karanja oil transesterification |
505 |
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IPC
Code:
C11C3/02 |
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|
N
Prakash, A Arul Jose, M G Devanesan
& T Viruthagiri |
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Inhibitory
action of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde glycine and 2-hydoxy-1-naphthaldehyde on
the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid |
510 |
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IPC
Code:
C23F11/00 |
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Notes
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A modified
domestic microwave oven and its use in saponification of oils and fats under
normal pressure |
515 |
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IPC
Code:
C11D |
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Xianying Shi, Junfa Wei & Yuanyuan
Bi |
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Scalable
synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones under solvent free condition |
519 |
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IPC
Code:
C07D239/00 |
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Dolly
Kataki, Pranita Chakraborty,
Pubalee Sarmah & Pradeep Pukan |
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Chem-Tech
Scan |
523 |
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Author Index |
527 |
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Keyword
Index |
528 |
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Guidelines
for Authors |
529 |
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
13, September 2006, pp. 433-439
Modelling of the displacement washing of pulp fibre bed
Shelly Arora, S S Dhaliwal & V K Kukreja*
The mechanism of the displacement washing of the bed of pulp fibres is mathematically modelled using a single parameter namely, Peclet number. The bulk fluid concentration is assumed to be the function of washing period and position in the bed. The effect of Peclet number on exit solute concentration is shown using the breakthrough curves. A non-linear adsorption isotherm (Langmuir) is used to describe the relationship between bulk fluid concentration and the concentration of solute accumulated on the particle surface. The validity of the model is shown using the literature data. A comparison of washing behaviour of pulp fibres and static bed of glass beads is also presented.
Keywords: Langmuir isotherm, Peclet number, Axial dispersion model, Orthogonal collocation on finite elements, Exit solute concentration
IPC Code: D21C9/02
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
13, September 2006, pp. 440-447
Simultaneous heat and mass transfer studies in drying ammonium
chloride in a batch-fluidized bed dryer
R Kumaresan & T Viruthagiri*
Simultaneous heat and mass transfer occurs during drying. Fluidized bed drier, unlike other types of dryers is more sensitive to the variation of moisture content of the material being dried. Ammonium chloride is used for this study. Heat and mass transfer studies were carried out using the experimental set up which consists of a well-insulated glass fluidized column with calming section and a fluidized section of height 435 mm and diameter 55 mm. Experiments were carried out with the variables- (i) size of ammonium chloride particles from 495 to 912 microns, (ii) inlet air velocity from 1.136 to 1.391 m/s, (iii) temperature of inlet air to the fluidized bed dryer from 60 to 75°C, (iv) initial moisture content of ammonium chloride to the fluidized bed dryer from 0.04 to 0.06 kg of water /kg of bone dry ammonium chloride, (v) bed hold of 0.090 to 0.130 kg. Humidity of the inlet air to the fluidized bed is determined by measuring the dry and wet bulb temperatures and using the psychrometric chart. Microsoft Excel spreadsheets are used for the calculations. A correlation between Nusselt number and Reynolds number was developed using the least square method. A simplified unsteady state mass transfer equation was developed to determine the diffusion coefficient.
Keywords: Fluidized bed dryer, Ammonium chloride, Simultaneous heat and mass transfer
IPC Code: C09K5/00, B01J8/00
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
13, September 2006, pp. 448-454
Hydrophobic flocculation characteristics of calcite and
effects of
some inorganic dispersants
H Ucbeyiay & A Ozkan*
Hydrophobic flocculation characteristics of calcite mineral
were investigated using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and Aero 845. Calcite
suspensions could be flocculated by these anionic surfactants in the pH range of 9.3-11.5. Especially SDS was
more effective on the calcite suspensions at pH values lower than 10.5. The flocculation of calcite with SDS and
Aero 845 increased rapidly with increasing surfactant concentration. However, it
started to decrease at concentrations higher than 30 mg/L for Aero 845 and 50
mg/L for SDS. It was found that the maximum aggregation degree of calcite
particles could be achieved with a stirring speed of 500 rpm and a flocculation
time of 3 min. The effects of sodium silicate, sodium polyphosphate and sodium
phosphate, used as inorganic dispersants, on the flocculation of calcite were
also studied. In the presence of sodium silicate and sodium polyphosphate, the
flocculation power values obtained with both surfactants decreased with
increasing dispersant concentration till approximately 0.5 and 1 g/L
concentrations, respectively. Also, the flocculation of calcite with Aero 845
and SDS decreased towards 0.5 and 1 g/L concentrations of sodium phosphate, respectively.
At higher dispersant concentrations, these power values remained relatively
constant for sodium silicate, and different effects were also observed for
other dispersants depending on surfactant type used in the experiments. In
addition, it was found that sodium silicate was more effective to disperse the
calcite suspensions with SDS and Aero 845.
Keywords: Calcite, Hydrophobic flocculation, Sodium dodecyl sulphate, Aero 845, Dispersant
IPC Code: C02F1/52
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol. 13, September 2006, pp. 455-458
An easy spectrophotometric determination of selenium using
azure B as a chromogenic reagent
Mendalin Mathew & Badiadka Narayana*
A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of selenium in water samples, soil, plant materials and human hair. The proposed method is based on the reaction of selenium with potassium iodide in acidic medium to liberate iodine. The liberated iodine bleaches the violet colour of azure B, which is measured at 644 nm. This decrease in absorbance is directly proportional to selenium concentration. Beer’s Law was obeyed in the range 2.0-10.0 µgmL-1 of selenium. The molar absorptivity, Sandell’s sensitivity, quantitation limit and detection limit of the method were found to be 0.9473 ´ 10 5 L mol -1 cm -1, 8.33 ´ 10-4 µg cm–2, 0.070 µgmL-1 and 0.023 µgmL-1, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of selenium in various samples.
Keywords: Selenium determination,
Spectrophotometry, Azure B
IPC Code: C01B19/00, G01J3/00
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
ol.
13, September 2006, pp. 459-463
Reversible inhibition of polyphenol oxidase from apple using
L-cysteine
R N Gacche*, A M Shete, N A Dhole & V S Ghole
Alternate strategies for prevention of enzymatic browning of fruits and vegetables are required by food industries due to restrictions and several negative health attributes of sulphites, which are effective inhibitors of enzymatic browning reaction. These reactions result mostly from polyphenol oxidase (PPO). The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and PPO inhibitory potential of L-cysteine. Studies have revealed that with increase in concentration of L-cysteine there was corresponding decrease in the rate of browning reaction and the activity of PPO. The kinetic study indicates that PPO inhibition by L-cysteine is non-competitive. The results suggest that the L-cysteine is a time bound inhibitor of PPO, since its highest concentration (5 mM) gives protection up to 4 h having no further effect on the rate of browning reaction in apple juice. The assessment of radical-scavenging ability of L-cysteine demonstrated that it has high affinity towards a stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·).
Keywords: Polyphenol oxiadse, Enzymatic browning, L-Cysteine, Antioxidant
IPC Code: C12N9/00
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
13, September 2006, pp. 464-469
Application of chitosan and alginate in treating waste water
containing heavy metal ions
Yimin
Qin*, Bingbing Shi & Jingjie Liu
The use of sodium alginate and chitosan in treating waste water containing heavy metal ions has been studied in this paper. The effect of the concentration and ratio of chitosan and sodium alginate, treatment temperature and time on the efficiency of Cu(II) ion removal was investigated. Results showed that when used in combination, sodium alginate and chitosan were effective in removing Cu(II) ions from waste water. The treatment was applied to other heavy metal ions such as cadmium, lead and silver ions, and the treatment efficiency was compared. Results showed that when used in combination, the separation of polymeric absorbents from waste water is better than when chitosan and sodium alginate are used alone.
Keywords: Sodium alginate, Chitosan, Heavy metal ions, Waste water treatment
IPC Code: C02F1/00, C02F1/62
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
13, September 2006, pp. 470-475
Diacetylmonoxime-(p-anisyl)-thiosemicarbazone as a new chromogenic reagent for determination of thallium
Anitha Varghese & A M A Khadar*
A simple and sensitive
derivative spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination
of thallium(III) using a newly synthesized reagent diacetylmonoxime-(p-anisyl)-thiosemicarbazone in acetic
acid medium. The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity of the coloured
species are 5.6´104 L mol-1 cm-1 and 3.6 ng cm-2,
respectively. Beer’s law is obeyed between 0.25 and 2.60 mg mL-1 of Tl(III) at 460 nm. The
stoichiometry of the complex was found to be 1:2 (metal: ligand). Calibration
graphs were derived by measuring first order derivative amplitudes at 425 and
505 nm. The metal ions like Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Zn(II) and Bi(III) which
are usually associated with thallium containing samples do not interfere. The
developed procedure has been successfully applied for the trace level
determination of thallium in minerals, alloys, urine, soil and water samples.
Keywords: Thallium, Diacetylmonoxime-(p-anisyl)-thiosemicarbazone, Derivative spectrophotometry, Minerals
IPC Code: C22B61/00
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
13, September 2006, pp. 476-483
Adsorption of fluoride onto magnesia-Equilibrium and thermodynamic study
V Aravind & K P Elango*
Batch sorption system using magnesium oxide as an adsorbent was investigated to remove fluoride ions from aqueous solutions. The system variables studied include initial concentration of the sorbate, agitation time, adsorbent dose, pH, co-ions and temperature. The experimental data fitted well to the Freundlich isotherm while, poorly to the Langmuir isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters such as DHo, DSo and DGo were calculated indicating that the adsorption was a spontaneous, endothermic and a physical process. Kinetic studies reveal that the adsorption is first order. A mechanism involving three stages (external surface adsorption, intraparticle diffusion and final equilibrium) has been proposed for the adsorption of fluoride ions onto MgO. XRD patterns of the adsorbent were recorded to get a better in sight into the mechanism of the adsorption process.
Keywords: Defluoridation, Isotherm, Adsorption
IPC Code: B01D15/00
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
13, September 2006, pp. 484-487
Complexometric determination of palladium(II) using
ethanethiol
as a selective masking agent
J Karthikeyan, P Parameshwara, A Nityananda Shetty* & Prakash Shetty
A complexometric method based on the selective masking property of ethanethiol towards palladium(II) is proposed. In presence of diverse metal ions, palladium(II) is complexed with excess EDTA and the surplus EDTA is backtitrated with standard zinc sulphate solution at pH 5-5.5 (acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer) using xylenol orange as indicator. An excess of a 0.1% aqueous solution of ethanethiol is then added to displace EDTA from Pd(II)-EDTA complex. The released EDTA is titrated with the same standard zinc sulphate solution as before. Reproducible and accurate results are obtained in the concentration range of 0.5-14.26 mg of palladium with relative error of ±0.40% and coefficient of variation not exceeding ±0.34%. The effect of diverse ions is studied. The method has been used for the determination of palladium in its complexes, catalysts and synthetic alloy mixtures.
Keywords: Complexometry, Masking reagent, EDTA titration, Ethanethiol, Palladium determination
IPC
Code: C22B1/244
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol. 13, September 2006,
pp. 488-492
Citronellol dehydrogenation over copper-magnesium oxide catalyst
Gülin Selda Pozan* & Ismail Boz
Dehydrogenation of citronellol (3,7-dimethyl-6-octene-1-ol) was performed on a copper and alkaline-earth oxide catalyst. CuO/MgO catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation method and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, temperature programmed reduction, and BET surface area. On CuO/MgO catalyst, the main path of reaction is the dehydrogenation of citronellol to citronellal. The dehydrogenation reaction was carried out at atmospheric pressure in a batch reactor at 215°C. Support exhibited varying promoting effects both on the activity and the selectivity to citronellal. Alkaline-earth oxide support has changed surface area of copper oxide catalysts and the phase compositions of copper.
Keywords: Dehydrogenation, Citronellal, Copper alkali oxide catalyst, TPR, XRD, Catalyst characterization
IPC
Code: C07B35/04
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol. 13, September 2006,
pp. 493-498
Vapour phase methylation of phenol over nanocrystalline
ZnFe2-x AlxO4 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) ferrospinel system
Vanga S Reddy, A RadheShyam, R Dwivedi, A Rai, M Anilkumar, V R Chumbale, A S Aswar & R Prasad*
The alkylation of phenol with methanol was carried out over ZnFe2-xAlxO4 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) type spinel systems in a fixed bed, down flow reactor. The influence of surface acidity, cation distribution in the spinel lattice and various reaction parameters are discussed. A maximum yield of 70.9 and 22.9% with selectivity of 73.5 and 23.3% was obtained for 2,6-xylenol and o-cresol respectively, giving a total ortho selectivity of 96.8% over ZnFeAlO4 at 350oC, methanol to phenol molar ratio of 5 and WHSV of 0.6 h–1. Catalyst characterization was made by XRD, Mössbauer spectroscopy, ammonia desorption and BET surface area measurements. Mössbauer spectroscopy reveals isomorphic substitution of Fe3+ by smaller Al3+ into the octahedral sites leading to lattice distortion, unsymmetrical charge distribution and charge transfer from iron to oxygen making it more basic and proton attracting. This helps vertical adsorption of phenol and formation of 2,6-xylenol. It has been concluded that catalyst acidity plays major role in the reaction as compared to surface area.
Keywords: Ferrospinels, Consecutive methylation, Vertical and horizontal
adsorption
IPC
Code: C07B37/00
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol. 13, September 2006,
pp. 499-504
Catalytic wet oxidation of phenol and its derivatives with Fe2O3
and MnO2
Suranjana Chaliha & Krishna G Bhattacharyya*
Wet oxidation of phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and
2-nitrophenol over iron oxide and manganese dioxide catalysts was tested in
this work with or without hydrogen peroxide in the reaction mixture. Influence
of factors such as catalyst load, reactant-hydrogen peroxide mole ratio, and
reaction time was monitored for all the phenols. Increase in the amount of
hydrogen peroxide in the feed composition resulted in a better conversion in
all the cases and by using 5 – 10 moles of hydrogen peroxide for each mole of
the reactant, conversion was better than 80%. The oxidation reaction was
sufficiently fast except in the case of 2-nitrophenol. The wet oxidation could
be carried out in air by using either iron oxide or manganese dioxide catalyst
without adding hydrogen peroxide to the reaction mixture. The direct oxidation
is more effective for 2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol with iron oxide while
manganese dioxide was more effective for phenol,
2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol. In both cases, 2-nitrophenol was found to be
more resistant to oxidation.
Keywords: Wet oxidation, Phenol, Chlorophenol, Nitrophenol, Iron oxide,
Manganese dioxide, Hydrogen peroxide
IPC Code: C07C27/10, C07C39/04
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol. 13,
September 2006, pp. 505-509
Optimization of Karanja oil transesterification
N Prakash*, A Arul Jose, M G Devanesan & T Viruthagiri
Production of biodiesel through transesterification of Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil was studied. The Karanja oil was treated with a lower alcohol (methanol) in the presence of a base catalyst (KOH) to yield methyl esters of fatty acids (biodiesel) and glycerin. The influences of reaction temperature, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, amount of catalyst and reaction time on the product yield were studied. The optimal combination of operating parameters for maximum yield was found out using Taguchi’s method. The performance and emission tests were carried out in a four stroke single cylinder, Kirloskar Av1 D.I.Engine. Different blends of biodiesel with conventional diesel were tested. The results show an appreciable reduction in emission level and marginal increase in performance when compared with sole fuel. The results concluded that the biodiesel from Karanja oil can be used as an effective alternate in existing diesel engines without any engine hardware modifications.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Karanja oil,
Transesterification
IPC Code: C11C3/02
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol. 13,
September 2006, pp. 510-514
Inhibitory action of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde glycine and
2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde on the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid
B I Ita
The effects of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde glycine (HNG) and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (HN) on the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid have been studied. Weight loss measurements reveal that HNG exhibits higher inhibition efficiency than HN. Generally, inhibition was found to increase with increase in inhibitor concentration and temperature. Chemical adsorption mechanism has been proposed for the inhibitors. The inhibitors obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm at higher concentration and temperature. The difference in the inhibition behaviour of the compounds has been explained in terms of the solubility of the compounds and strength of the inhibitor-metal bond rather than difference in molecular weights alone.
Keywords: Corrosion inhibition, Napthaldehyde, Glycine, Mild steel, Chemisorption
IPC
Code: C23F11/00
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol. 13,
September 2006, pp. 515-518
A modified domestic microwave oven and its use in saponification of oils and fats under normal pressure
Xianying Shi, Junfa Wei* & Yuanyuan Bi
A modified domestic microwave oven equipped with an electromagnetic stirrer and a condenser has been described and its use in the saponification of oils and fats, such as vegetable oil, cattle fat, and pig fat, has been investigated under normal pressure. The experimental results showed that using the improved domestic microwave, which enables two common experimental operations—stirring and refluxing, the saponification rate is rapid with high yield. Accordingly, on the basis of exciting outcome, it can be deduced preliminarily that the modified device is suitable to most of the chemosynthetic experiments.
Keywords: Microwave oven, Saponification
IPC Code: C11D
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol. 13, September 2006,
pp. 519-521
Scalable synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones under solvent free condition
Dolly Kataki, Pranita Chakraborty, Pubalee Sarmah & Prodeep Phukan*
An improved solvent free, one pot procedure for the synthesis of 5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-aryl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones catalyzed by iodine is developed. The process has been utilized successfully in large-scale synthesis of Biginelli products.
Keywords: Iodine, Aldehyde, Ethyl acetoacetate, Urea, Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one,
Solvent free condition
IPC Code: C07D239/00