Indian Journal of Chemical
Technology
http://www.niscair.res.in
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VOLUME 15 |
NUMBER 5 |
SEPTEMBER 2008 |
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CODEN:ICHTEU |
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ISSN:0971-457X |
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CONTENTS
Papers |
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Separation of Zn(II) by sorption onto
powdered marble wastes |
433 |
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Removal of acid brown 348
dye from aqueous solution by ultrasound irradiated |
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exfoliated graphite |
443 |
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Ya-Li Song, Ji-Tai Li & Hua Chen
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Production
of cellulase and xylanase
by Trichoderma reesei
(QM 9414 mutant), Aspergillus hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes) |
449 |
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S K Deshpande, M G Bhotmange, T Chakrabarti &
P
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Greaseproof paper from
Banana (Musa paradisica
L.) pulp fibre |
457 |
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T Goswami, Dipul Kalita & P G Rao
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Methyl orange as corrosion
inhibitor for carbon steel in well water |
462 |
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J Sathiyabama, Susai Rajendran, J Arockia Selvi & A John Amalraj
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Investigation of acid oil
as a source of biodiesel |
467 |
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B M Kulkarni, B G Pujar &
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Electrochemical behaviour of famotidine in
pharmaceutical formulation at composite polymer membrane
electrode |
472 |
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D C Tiwari, Rajeev Jain &
Gaurav Sahu
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Electrchemical detection of heparin based on its interaction with acridine orange |
476 |
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Xueliang Niu,
Wei Sun, Na Zhao & Kui
Jiao
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Recovery of boron from
wastewater using 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol in carbon tetrachloride |
483 |
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Debasish Mohapatra,
Gautam Roy Chaudhury
& Kyung Ho Park
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Spectrophotometric determination of sodium dodecylbenzene
sulphonate using congo red |
488 |
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Xiang-Hu Liu, Jing-Bai, Qing-Xu, Jiao-Rong Ren, He-Ping Zhao &
Hong-
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Indirect complexometric determination of mercury(II) using
3-acetyl-2-thiohydantoin as a selective masking
agent |
493 |
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Notes |
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Microcrystalline cellulose
from bagasse and rice straw |
497 |
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Fluoride removal from water
by adsorption on acid activated kaolinite clay |
500 |
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Voltammetric trace determination of sub-mg level chlorate in natural waters |
504 |
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Studies on the degreasing
of skin using enzyme in liming process |
507 |
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Distribution of Cr(III) and
Cr(VI) in chrome tanned leather |
511 |
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Bahri Basaran,
Mete Ulas, Behzat Oral Bitlisli & Ahmet Aslan
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Author Index |
515 |
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Keyword Index |
516 |
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Guidelines for Authors |
517 |
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Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 433-442
Separation of Zn(II) by sorption onto powdered marble wastes
S
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science,
Email: ghazyse@mans.edu.eg
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to remove Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions and water samples using powdered marble wastes (PMW) as an effective sorbent which is inexpensive, widespread, and considered as an environmental problem. The parameters such as solution pH, sorbent and Zn(II) concentrations, stirring times, foreign ions and temperature were investigated. The sorption of Zn(II) ions onto (PMW) is described by Langmuir model. Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm model was also applied to describe the nature of the adsorption of the metal. Thermodynamic parameters, viz. the Gibbs free energy change (ΔGº), enthalpy (ΔHº) and entropy (ΔSº) were also calculated. These parameters indicated that the adsorption process of Zn(II) ions on PMW was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Under the optimum experimental conditions employed, the removal of ~100% of Zn(II) ions was attained. The procedure was successfully applied to remove Zn(II) ions from aqueous and different natural water samples. The adsorption mechanism is also suggested.
Keywords: Zinc(II) sorption, Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm, Marble waste, Natural water
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 443-448
Removal of acid
brown 348 dye from aqueous solution by ultrasound
irradiated exfoliated graphite
Ya-Li Songa,b,
Ji-Tai Lia,* & Hua Chena
aCollege of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, P R China
bCollege
of Vocational and Technological Sanitation,
Email: lijitai@hbu.edu.cn
Acid brown 348 dye was removed from
aqueous solution using ultrasound-assisted adsorption on exfoliated graphite.
The effects of relevant parameters, namely, contact time, sorbent
dosage, temperature, initial dye concentration and pH
have been investigated. The results show that ultrasound irradiation
significantly improves removal of acid brown 348 from aqueous solutions in
presence of exfoliated graphite. The ultrasound/exfoliated graphite process
yielded 90% removal rate within 120 min using 2.0 g L-1 exfoliated graphite at pH
1 and 40°C.
Keywords:
Ultrasound, Acid brown 348, Exfoliated graphite, Decolourization
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 449-456
Production of cellulase
and xylanase by Trichoderma
reesei (QM 9414 mutant), Aspergillus
S K Deshpandea,
M G Bhotmangeb, T Chakrabartic
& P
aDepartment
of Scientific and Industrial Research, Ministry of Science & Technology,
bDepartment
of Food Technology, Laxminarayan Institute of
Technology,
RTM
cBiotechnology
Division, NEERI,
Email:
pnslit@yahoo.com
Studies on cellulase production by Trichoderma
reesei QM 9414 mutant (T. reesei
M) and Phanerochaete chrysosporium in flask culture indicated suitability of
water hyacinth (WH) as a substitute for conventional wheat bran (WB) medium by
Solid-State Fermentation (SSF). Maximum cellulase
production was obtained with T. reesei M on WH
substrate with Toyoma Ogowa
(TO) medium at liquid /solid ratio of 2.5, and incubation period of 10 days.
However,T. reesei M failed to produce
β-glucosidase on WH medium. Further experiments
on cellulase and xylanase
production were performed in Solid State Cabinet Fermenter
(SSCF) to resemble conditions in tray fermenter. As compared to the flask culture, cellulase
production by T. reesei M was more in SSCF, and
supplementation of TO medium with whey (40%) and peptone (0.15%) further
enhanced production of both cellulase complex and xylanase by 2-3 fold. When Aspergillus
Keywords: Cellulase, Xylanase, Water hyacinth, Solid State Fermentation, Trichoderma reesei (QM9414
mutant), Phanerochaete chrysosporium,
Aspergillus niger, Mixed
culture fermentation
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 457-461
Greaseproof paper from Banana (Musa paradisica L.) pulp fibre
T Goswami, Dipul Kalita* & P G Rao
North East Institute of Science
and Technology (CSIR), Jorhat 785 006,
Email: dipkalita_2001@yahoo.co.in
Utilization of banana pulp fibre for producing greaseproof paper has been investigated. The morphological characteristics of plant and fibre, chemical constituents of the sheath, characteristics of pulp and physical strength properties of hand sheet of 45+5 gsm made from banana pulp alone or in combination with bamboo pulp fibre are presented. Results of the laboratory investigation show that Musa paradisica contain high quantity of gums and mucilage inside the sheaths. The pentosan content (13.5%) may also impart the greaseproof properties. The drainage time of the banana pulp increases with the increase of beating time. At 800SR freeness, the pulp becomes hydrated and forms a jelly like stock. The paper made out of this hydrated pulp stock shows the characteristics of greaseproof paper with burst index 6.10 kpam2g-1, tear index 7.00 mNm2g-1 and tensile index 51.2 N mg-1 with very good blister and oil resistibility. The physical strength properties of the paper may further be enhanced by incorporating 20% bamboo pulp beaten up to 850SR freeness and mixed with banana semi bleached pulp stock beaten up to 850SR freeness.
Keywords: Banana sheath, Hydration, Hemicellulose,
Greaseproof paper, Musa paradisica
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 462-466
Methyl orange as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in well water
J Sathiyabama, Susai
Rajendran*, J Arockia Selvi & A John Amalraj1
Corrosion Research Centre, Department of Chemistry,
1Department of Chemistry,
Email: srmjoany@sify.com
The corrosion inhibition efficiency of methyl orange in controlling corrosion of carbon steel immersed in well water has been evaluated by weight loss method both in absence and presence of zinc ion. A synergistic effect exists between methyl orange (MO) and Zn2+. The inhibition efficiency (IE) of the MO – Zn2+ system decreases with increase in immersion period. Polarization study suggests that the MO-Zn2+ system functions as a mixed inhibitor system. FTIR spectra indicate that the protective film consists of Fe2+ - MO complex and Zn(OH)2.
Keywords: Carbon steel, Corrosion
inhibition, Methyl orange, Zinc ion
Indian Journal of
Chemical Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 467-471
Investigation of acid oil as a source of biodiesel
B M Kulkarni, B G Pujar &
Chemistry Research Centre, Bapuji Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Davangere 577 004,
Email: drsschemical@yahoo.com
Acid oil which is a byproduct of vegetable oil industry has been investigated for its suitability as a source of biodiesel, as it is economic and readily available in considerable quantities at most of vegetable oil refinery sites. The biodiesel from acid oil is produced by a new type of “ED3R” esterification process developed at the Institute. Fuel properties of biodiesel thus produced are compared with standard biodiesel and diesel fuel. Blends of biodiesel and diesel fuel are prepared. Fuel property variations of biodiesel blends produced are reported.
Keywords: Acid oil, Biodiesel, Biodiesel blend, Fuel
property variation
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 472-475
Electrochemical behaviour of famotidine in pharmaceutical formulation at composite polymer membrane electrode
aSchool of Studies in
Physics, bSchool of Studies in Chemistry,
Email: rajeevjain54@yahoo.co.in
Electrochemical behaviour of famotidine has been studied at composite polymer membrane working electrode. Cyclic voltammetric method has been developed for the determination of drug in pharmaceutical formulation. A well-defined anodic peak was observed for famotidine in the entire pH range. The current increases steadily with scan rate and concentration. This composite film showed good catalytic behaviour, which includes a good current response. The result is compared with the glassy carbon electrode and it was found that the current with composite polymer electrode is of the order of 18.60 mA whereas with glassy carbon electrode it was around 565.00 µA.
Keywords: Famotidine,
Composite polymer electrode, Cyclic voltammetry, Glassy carbon electrode
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 476-482
Electrochemical detection of heparin based on its interaction with acridine orange
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, People’s Republic of China
Email: sunwei@qust.edu.cn
The interaction of acridine orange (AO) with heparin was studied by voltammetric method. In Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer solution (pH 2.3), AO showed a sensitive linear sweep voltammetric reductive peak at -0.94 V (vs. SCE). The addition of heparin into the AO solution caused a decrease in the reductive peak current without any change in the peak potential. The results indicated that a reaction occurred between the positively charged AO and the negatively charged heparin, which led to the decrease of the free AO concentration and subsequent decrease of the reductive peak current of AO. Under the optimal conditions, the decrease of reductive peak current of AO was proportional to heparin concentration in the range of 0.8-6.0 mg L-1 and the data reductive peak current were correlated as ∆ip″(nA)=807.58 C (mg L-1)-542.51 (n=10, correlation coefficient γ=0.995) and the detection limit was calculated as 0.13 mg L-1 (3 S0/S). The new method was successfully applied to the determination of heparin content in heparin sodium injection samples with satisfactory results and good recovery. The interaction of the reactants was also confirmed by UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometric experiments.
Keywords: Heparin, Acridine
orange, Voltammetric determination
Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 483-487
Recovery of boron from wastewater using 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol in carbon tetrachloride
Debasish
Mohapatra1*, Gautam Roy Chaudhury2
& Kyung Ho Park3
1DAEIL Development Co.
Ltd. R&D Centre, Ansan 425 836,
2Institute of Minerals
and Materials Technology (IMMT),
3Minerals and Materials
Processing Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience
and Mineral Resources (KIGAM),
Daejeon 305 350,
Email: m_debasish2001@yahoo.com
A process was developed to recover boron from the waste stream of liquid crystal display (LCD) industry using 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol dissolved in carbon tetrachloride as an extractant. Several parameters such as contact time, boron concentration in the aqueous phase, extractant concentration, equilibrium pH and phase ratio were studied for process optimization. Equilibrium conditions for boron recovery were optimized from the batch test results as: 2 stages of extraction and 2 stages of stripping with an organic: aqueous (O:A) ratio of 1. Maximum boron extraction was achieved at a pH range of 1.0 - 6.0. Overall 95.6% boron recovery was achieved under the best experimental conditions.
Keywords: LCD industry, 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol,
Boron extraction, Solvent extraction
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 488-492
Spectrophotometric determination of sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate using congo red
Xiang-Hu Liu, Jing-Bai, Qing-Xu, Jiao-Rong Ren, He-Ping Zhao & Hong-Wen Gao*
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P R China
Email: emsl@mail.tongji.edu.cn
A new spectrophotometric method is developed to determine sodium dodecylbenezene sulphonate (SDBS) in natural water without the use of organic hydrophobic solvents and two-phase extraction. In BR buffer solution (pH 2.03), SDBS replaces sodium diphenyl diazo-bis-a-naphthylamine-4-sulphonate (Congo red, CR) in CR-cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) system. Application of absorbance ratio difference (ARD) to this replacement reaction gives a new spectrophotometric method for the determination of SDBS. The absorbance measurements are made at 590 nm and 469 nm. Results have shown that absorbance ratio difference (DAr) gives linear curve in the range of 3.3 -139.4 mg/L for SDBS. The limit of determination of SDBS (3δ/k) is 1.1 mg/L. The method has been employed to determine SDBS in natural water with satisfactory results. Relative standard deviation was less than 5%, and the recovery was about 103.7%. The method is comparable to new methylene blue (NMB) method.
Keywords: Linear alkylbenezene
sulphobates, Sodium dodecylbenezene
sulphonate, Cetylpyridinium
chloride, Congo red, Absorbance ratio difference
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 493-496
Indirect complexometric determination of
mercury(II) using 3-acetyl-
2-thiohydantoin as a selective masking agent
J Karthikeyana, P Parameshwarab & A Nityananda Shettyb*
aDepartment of Chemistry,
bDepartment of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal,
Srinivasnagar
575 025,
Email: nityashreya@rediffmail.com
A complexometric method for the determination of mercury(II) in presence of other metal ions is described based on the selective masking action of 3-acetyl-2-thiohydantoin towards mercury(II). Mercury(II) present in a given sample solution is first complexed with an excess of EDTA and the unreacted EDTA is titrated against standard lead nitrate solution at pH 5-6 (hexamine buffer) using xylenol orange as the indicator. A 0.5% solution of 3-acetyl-2-thiohydantoin is then added to displace EDTA from the Hg(II)-EDTA complex. The released EDTA is estimated. Reproducible and accurate results are obtained for 3.96 - 80 mg of mercury(II) with relative error less than ± 0.25% and coefficient of variation not more than 0.38%. The effects of various ions were studied. The method is used for the analysis of mercury in its synthetic mixtures of ions and in complexes.
Keywords: Mercury(II),
3-Acetyl-2-thiohydantoin, Complexometric titration
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 497-499
Microcrystalline cellulose from bagasse and
rice straw
Ambuj Ilindra* & J D Dhake
Department of Pulp and Paper Technology,
Laxminarayan Institute of Technology,
Email: ambuj.i@rediffmail.com
Microcrystalline cellulose from two
different locally available lignocellulosic
materials, namely bagasse and rice straw has been
prepared by simple process of hydrolysis. The different characteristics of
prepared microcrystalline cellulose were determined and are found to be
comparable with the characteristics of commercially available microcrystalline
cellulose and the specifications given by Indian Standards.
Keywords: Microcrystalline cellulose, Bagasse, Rice straw
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 500-503
Fluoride removal from water by adsorption on acid activated kaolinite clay
Pradip K Gogoi *& Ruby Baruah
Department of Chemistry,
Email: dr_pradip@yahoo.com
When drinking water contains excess fluoride it causes health
hazards to human beings. In the present investigation the removal of fluoride
has been attempted using acid activated kaolinite
clay obtained from local traditional potter of Majuli
river island,
Keywords: Fluoride removal, Activated kaolinite,
Majuli clay, Adsorption isotherms
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 504-506
Voltammetric trace
determination of sub-μg level chlorate in
natural waters
P Sharma* &
Electroanalytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,
J.N.V.University,
Email: sharma_pk00@yahoo.com
A simple, rapid and sensitive differential pulse polarographic (DPP) method for the determination of low concentration of chlorate in water samples is presented. It is based on the measurement of increased current of titanium (IV) polarographic reduction wave by the addition of chlorate in oxalic acid medium. A linearity between 1.0 μg mL-1 and 41.20 μg mL-1 of chlorate concentration was obtained with a correlation of coefficient of 0.99.
Keywords: Chlorate determination, Differential pulse polarography, Water samples
Indian
Journal of Chemical Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 507-510
Studies on the degreasing of skin by using enzyme in liming process
Altan Afsar*
& Fatma Cetinkaya1
Engineering
Faculty,
Leather
Engineering
Department,
Email: altan.afsar@ege.edu.tr
This study has been conducted for the purpose of making the effective use of two enzymes viz. proteases and lipases for the removal of natural fat from the skin and increasing the effectiveness of degreasing; also decreasing the amount of chemicals used in degreasing and reducing the load of water treatment and eventually minimizing the harm that the leather industry poses to the environment. The optimum degreasing combination in which natural fat remains in the pelt at a level that could determine the efficacy of the enzymes was investigated. During the process of liming, enzymes such as alkali protease and alkali lipase were used alone and in combinations in varying amounts, and degreasing was achieved. Each experiment was processed till the end of tanning and effectiveness of the enzymes in degreasing was investigated. Results suggested that best degreasing conditions can be obtained with the use of 0.2% alkali lipase. The alkali lipases and the combinations of alkali proteases and lipases also proved to be satisfactory degreasing agents.
Keywords: Leather, Degreasing, Enzyme, Natural fat, Lipase,
Protease
Indian Journal of Chemical
Technology
Vol.
15, September 2008, pp. 511-514
Distribution of Cr (III) and
Cr (VI) in chrome tanned leather
Bahri Başaran*, Mete Ulaş, Behzat Oral Bitlisli & Ahmet Aslan
Leather Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Email: bahri.basaran@ege.edu.tr
Basic chromium sulphate is the most versatile and common tanning agent in the leather industry. Under certain circumstances, the oxidation of the trivalent chromium salts into the hexavalent compounds, which are used in leather manufacture, is a crucial issue. In this study, different proportions of basic chromium sulphate were used in tanning and re-tanning processes according to a commonly used recipe, and levels of chromium oxide and hexavalent chromium were studied stratigraphically in the cross-section of the leather. It was observed that the levels of chromium oxide and hexavalent chromium in the skins increased in relation to the proportions of basic chromium sulphate used in the process, and that the amounts added in the tanning process had a greater effect on the levels of hexavalent chromium formed in the layers of the skins than did the amounts added in re-tanning.
Keywords: Skin, Tanning, Chromium oxide, Chromium (VI), Tanned leather