| ISSN : 0019-5189 | CODEN : IJEB (A6) 41(10) 1089-1212 (2003) | |
| VOLUME 41 |
NUMBER 10 |
OCTOBER 2003 |
CONTENTS
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Preface |
1091 |
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Milestones in the genetical research on rhizobia |
1095 |
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Regulation of expression of symbiotic genes in Rhizobium sp. NGR234 |
1101 |
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Molecular aspects of soybean cultivar-specific nodulation by Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257 |
1114 |
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Cysteine proteases in nodulation and nitrogen fixation |
1124 |
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Proteomics: A novel approach to explore signal exchanges in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis |
1133 |
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Effects of drought stress on legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation: Physiological mechanisms |
1136 |
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Effects of biotic and abiotic constraints on the symbiosis between rhizobia and the tropical leguminous trees Acacia and Prosopis |
1142 |
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Rhizobia as a biological control agent against soil borne plant pathogenic fungi |
1160 |
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Symbiosis between Frankia and actinorhizal plants: Root nodules of non-legumes |
1165 |
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Recent advances in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis Gursharn S Randhawa, Shubha G, Nand K Singh, Anvita Kumar & Anju Bhalla |
1184 |
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Isolation and symbiotic characterization of transposon Tn5-induced arginine auxotrophs of Sinorhizobium meliloti |
1198 |
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11th International Congress on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions held at St. Petersburg — A report Barry G Rolfe, Ulrike Mathesius, Michael A Djordjevic, Peter M Gresshoff |
1205 |
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Announcements |
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· 6th European Nitrogen Fixation Conference, Toulouse, France: July 24-27, 2004 · XIV International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation, Beijing, China: Oct. 28-Nov. 1, 2004 · IUPAC International Conference on Biodiversity and Natural Products: Chemistry and Medical Applications, New Delhi: Jan. 26-31, 2004 |
1190
1190
1212 |
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Accepted papers for the forthcoming issues |
1209 |
Author Index |
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Keyword Index |
Life, which because of its presence makes our planet (Earth) unique, has several interesting features. A dominant feature of it is competition. Living organisms compete among themselves for their existence. Another equally dominant feature of life is cooperation. Living beings help each other in their struggle for survival. The cooperation may be established not only between two organisms of the same species, but also between those belonging to different genera, families, classes and kingdoms. Sometimes this cooperation takes the form of an intimate association in which one organism provides living space to the other in its cells. Highly specialized and strictly coordinated molecular dialogues between the two partners are required to initiate, establish and sustain such association.
Many plants can grow on soil, poor in nutrients, by forming association with microbes like fungi and bacteria. The association, in which both the partners are benefited by exchanging nutrients, is called symbiosis. At least 85% of plants enter into symbiotic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. These fungi in exchange of carbohydrates provide phosphorus-containing nutrients to the host plants. The association between plants and AM fungi originated about 400 million years ago. The plant bacterial symbiotic relationships developed much later and are thought to be 50-100 million years old. In these relationships nitrogen-fixing bacteria induce the formation of specialized structures, called nodules, on the plant roots and then invade the cells of the nodules. These bacteria in the nodule cells get carbon from the nodulated plants and convert the gaseous nitrogen into ammonia which is transported to the host plant. The process of establishment and functioning of the nodule symbiosis is very complex and has been a great challenge to the scientists who are trying to understand it for obtaining highly efficient symbiotic combinations and to extend the host range of these bacteria. After several decades of intensive research, our understanding of the nodule symbiosis has considerably improved, however still many mysteries have to be resolved. This special issue of Indian Journal of Experimental Biology tries to present the current status of our knowledge about symbiosis between nitrogen fixing bacteria and plants.
Two types of root nodule symbioses exist between nitrogen fixing soil bacteria and higher plants. The first is between bacteria of the genera Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium (collectively called rhizobia) and leguminous plants, and the second is between bacteria of the genus Frankia and actinorhizal plants. Except for one, all the articles in this issue cover different aspects of symbiotic relationship between rhizobia and legumes.
The first article in this issue lists the milestones in the genetical research on rhizobia. A quick glance at this article gives some idea about the slow progress during the initial stages in the research on the genetic analysis of symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia. This slow progress was due to several difficulties in the genetic analysis of legumes as well as rhizobia. Considering the host plant to be very tough to handle, almost all geneticists (notable exceptions being P. S. Nutman, T. LaRue, P. Gresshoff, D.P.S. Verma,T. Bisseling, K. Marcker, J. Torrey and H. Kouchi) decided to focus on rhizobia. But even these bacteria, which have much smaller genomes as compared to those of legumes, posed big challenges. The main difficulties in the rhizobial genetic research were the lack of an efficient genetic recombination system and the presence of large plasmids (called megaplasmids) in rhizobia. The following two observations may illustrate the slow progress in rhizobial genetics. The circularity of E. coli chromosome was demonstrated by genetic methods in 1957, whereas the Rhizobium geneticists had to toil hard for exactly two decades after this to get the circular linkage map of Rhizobium chromosome. When the recombinant DNA technology was almost one decade old and the use of plasmid detection and isolation techniques became a routine, the leading Rhizobium researchers were not able to detect all the plasmids in their strains! Eventually the circular linkage map of Rhizobium chromosome was constructed by introducing chromosome-mobilizing plasmids of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Rhizobium megaplasmids were detected and characterized by several innovative approaches.
Since the days of above stated initial problems, we have come a long way in our understanding of symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia. Using the Klebsiella pneumoniae nif gene probes, structural genes for nitrogenase enzyme of Rhizobium have been detected and cloned. Flavonoids have been found to be plant signals inducing nodulation genes and rhizobia are found to produce nod factor signal for induction of nodules on plant roots. After the reports of the complete genomic sequences of rhizobia, the plant protein receiving the rhizobial nod factor signal has been identified. Recently, the identification of two plant genes controlling the nodule numbers has also been reported in both soybean and Lotus japnicus. The above mentioned and many other discoveries on nodule symbiosis have been reviewed in the various articles covered in this issue. The second article on regulation of expression of symbiotic genes in Rhizobium sp. NGR234 illustrates the powerful impact of genomic approach on our understanding of the living processes. The third article discusses why certain combinations of Sinorhizobium fredii strains and soybean cultivars yield nitrogen-fixing nodules, whereas other combinations fail to initiate the same. The role of cysteine proteases are known to occur widely in plants. Role of these enzymes in nodulation and nitrogen fixation has been discussed in the fourth article. The fifth article covers recent developments and future strategies of the proteomics approach to explore the signal transduction in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. The physiological mechanisms that are important in understanding the regulation of nitrogen fixation and its response to drought stress have been explained in the sixth article. The seventh article deals with the biotic and abiotic constraints on the symbiosis between rhizobia and leguminous trees, Acacia and Prosopis, which are preferable trees for aforestation in arid and semiarid regions of the tropics and subtropics. The eighth article presents the various reports on biocontrol effect of rhizobia against the soil borne plant pathogenic fungi and assesses the future potential of these bacteria in the control of various plant diseases. Research findings on the various aspects of symbiosis between Frankia and actinorhizal plants have been reviewed in the ninth article. The development in the field of Rhizobium-legume symbiosis reported during the year 2002 and 2003 have been summarized in the tenth article. Isolation and symbiotic characterization of transposon Tn5-induced arginine auxotrophs of Sinorhizobium meliloti have been reported in the eleventh article. The presentation at the 11th International Congress on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction held during July 18-27, 2003 at St.-Petersburg have been discussed in the last article.
It is a matter of great pleasure for us that the present special issue is a part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India. We are thankful to the entire staff of the IJEB, NISCAIR, New Delhi for helping us in bringing out this issue. No words would be sufficient to express our gratitude to Mr. A. K. Sen for providing support to undertaking this challenging task. He tried to keep us in high spirits even in difficult situations.
The requests for the contributions to this special issue were mailed by one of us (GSR) during his stay at the house of his brother in Hounslow, U.K. We would like to convey our gratitude to Mr. Manvir Singh Randhawa for making available his personal computer and the Internet facility for this work. We are thankful to Drs X Perret, H B Krishnan, N J Brewin, N Vij, R Serraj, K Lindström, D K Maheshwari, K Pawlowski and B G Rolfe for agreeing to contribute to this special issue. We are equally thankful to all other authors of this issue. Drs X Perret, H B Krishnan and R. Serraj are also acknowledged for their constructive suggestions. We are also grateful to Prof. P. Gresshoff, Prof. B.G. Rolfe, Dr J E González, Dr Nautiyal and Dr J I Sprent for their valuable comments. Due to their prior commitments Drs Adam Kondorosi, Eduardo Patriarca, Andrew Johnston, Allan Downie, Jacques Batut and Peter Young expressed their inability to contribute to this issue but the messages from these scientists were full of encouraging words. We would like to express our gratitude to all of them. Prof. P Gresshoff deserves special thanks for providing the photographs of super nodulated root system for the cover page of this issue.
We would like to record our gratefulness to the young researchers Anvita Kumar, Anju Bhalla, Nand Kumar, Shalini Sinha, Harjinder Singh and Shubha G, who helped in many ways in the work of this special issue. Among these Anvita and Shubha deserve special mention for their critical suggestions related to presentation of some of the articles.
We will be failing in our duty if we do not thank our families for their patience and cooperation. A lot of our time, which actually belonged to them, was devoted to this issue.
Guest Editors
and
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 41, October 2003, pp. 1095-1100
Gursharn S Randhawa & Anvita Kumar
The first isolation of the rhizobial bacteria from the legume roots was done in 1888. Since then a large number of scientists have made efforts to understand the molecular basis of Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. The important developments of 115 years of genetical research on rhizobia have been listed in this article.
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 41, October 2003, pp. 1101-1113
Xavier Perret, Hajime Kobayashi & Julio Collado-Vides
Research in the field of Rhizobium-legume symbiosis faces a new challenge: integrate the wealth of information generated by genomic projects. The goal: apprehend the complexity of the molecular mechanisms involved in symbiotic associations. At the time of writing, the genomes of three micro-symbionts (Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Mesorhizobium loti and Sinorhizobium meliloti) have been sequenced, and two more (those of Rhizobium leguminosarum and Rhizobium etli) will be completed in the near future. Together, completed rhizobial genomes represent already 23,393,822 bp of DNA sequence and 21,797 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). To identify candidate-symbiotic genes in such a broad database, predict their function and dissect the regulatory networks that govern their expression are no simple tasks. One way to confront this problem is to combine different datasets, in particular genetic and transcriptional maps as well as predicted promoters from bioinformatics analyses. Here, we would like to illustrate this type of approach with the analysis of the symbiotic plasmid (pNGR234a) of the broad host-range Rhizobium sp. NGR234.
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 41, October 2003, pp. 1114-1123
K Annapurna & Hari B Krishnan
Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257 forms nitrogen-fixing nodules in association with the primitive soybean cultivar 'Peking' but fails to initiate nodules on many advanced soybean cultivars, including 'McCall'. This distinction is controlled by a set of nodulation genes termed nolXWBTUV. Inactivation of any of these genes enables USDA257 to nodulate McCall and many other improved soybean cultivars. Mutation in the nolXWBTUV locus also alters the Nod factor structure resulting in the production of a novel molecule with glucose incorporated into the chitin backbone. Some of the genes located in the nolXWBTUV locus reveal sequence homologies to known components of the type III secretion system (TTSS) of plant and animal pathogenic bacteria. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of a complete TTSS in USDA257 and few other symbiotic bacteria. The TTSS cluster of USDA257 contains 27 open reading frames out of which 10 code for the structural components of the TTSS. USDA257, when grown in presence of flavonoids, secrete several proteins called Nops (Nodulation Outer Proteins) into the extracellular environment. Genes located in the TTSS of USDA257 encode some of the extracellular proteins, such as NopX, NopB, and NopL. These type III secreted proteins appear to play an important role in regulating nodulation in a host-dependent manner. Failure to elaborate the Nops results in a drastic phenotypic effect on soybean nodulation, indicating that these proteins may play a pivotal role in soybean cultivar specificity. The secretion of Nops appears to be facilitated by novel filamentous appendages (pili) that are produced by USDA257 upon induction by flavonoids. Biochemical studies have demonstrated the close association of several Nops with the purified pili. However, it remains to be seen if the filamentous appendages can function as conduits for delivery of Nops into the host cell. This review examines the current state of our knowledge on the molecular aspects of soybean cultivar-specific nodulation by USDA257.
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 41, October 2003, pp. 1124-1132
Sunita Sheokand & Nicholas J. Brewin
The cysteine proteinases or cysteine endopeptidases (EC 3.4.22) are known to occur widely in plant cells. They are involved in almost all aspects of plant growth and development including germination, circadian rhythms, senescence and programmed cell death. They are also involved in mediating plant cell responses to environmental stress (such as water stress, salinity, low temperature, wounding, ethylene, and oxidative conditions) and plant-microbe interactions (including nodulation). In the development and function of legume root nodules, cysteine proteases could be involved in several important processes:-(i) a defence response to root invasion by microorganisms; (ii) protein turnover required during the formation of new tissue; (iii) cellular homeostasis and metabolism; (iv) adaptation of host cells to physiological stresses; (v) control of nodule senescence. Because of their central importance to plant physiology, cysteine proteases could serve as important targets for the study of nodule development and functioning at the molecular level. Because of their widespread occurrence in nodulating plants they could also serve as candidate genes for targeted plant breeding programmes.
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 41, October 2003, pp. 1133-1135
Neeraj Vij
Recent developments and future strategies on the proteomics approach to explore the signal exchanges in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis have been discussed. It is expected that this approach will provide new possibilities for investigating the complex interactions of rhizobia and legumes.
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 41, October 2003, pp. 1136-1141
Rachid Serraj
Drought stress is one of the major factors affecting nitrogen fixation by legume-rhizobium symbiosis. Several mechanisms have been previously reported to be involved in the physiological response of symbiotic nitrogen fixation to drought stress, i.e. carbon shortage and nodule carbon metabolism, oxygen limitation, and feedback regulation by the accumulation of N fixation products. The carbon shortage hypothesis was previously investigated by studying the combined effects of CO2 enrichment and water deficits on nodulation and N2 fixation in soybean. Under drought, in a genotype with drought tolerant N2 fixation, approximately four times the amount of 14C was allocated to nodules compared to a drought sensitive genotype. It was found that an important effect of CO2 enrichment of soybean under drought was an enhancement of photo assimilation, an increased partitioning of carbon to nodules, whose main effect was to sustain nodule growth, which helped sustain N2 rates under soil water deficits. The interaction of nodule permeability to O2 and drought stress with N2 fixation was examined in soybean nodules and led to the overall conclusion that O2 limitation seems to be involved only in the initial stages of water deficit stresses in decreasing nodule activity. The involvement of ureides in the drought response of N2 fixation was initially suspected by an increased ureide concentration in shoots and nodules under drought leading to a negative feedback response between ureides and nodule activity. Direct evidence for inhibition of nitrogenase activity by its products, ureides and amides, supported this hypothesis. The overall conclusion was that all three physiological mechanisms are important in understanding the regulation of N2 fixation and its response of to soil drying.
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 41, October 2003, pp. 1142-1159
Leena A Räsänen & Kristina Lindström
N2-fixing, drought tolerant and multipurpose Acacia and Prosopis species are appropriate trees for reforestation of degraded areas in arid and semiarid regions of the tropics and subtropics. Acacia and Prosopis trees form N2-fixing nodules with a wide range of rhizobia, for example African acacias mainly with Sinorhizobium sp. and Mesorhizobium sp., and Australian acacias with Bradyrhizobium sp. Although dry and hot seasons restrict formation of N2-fixing nodules on Acacia and Prosopis spp., fully grown trees and their symbiotic partners are well adapted to survive in harsh growth conditions. This review on one hand deals with major constraints of arid and semiarid soils, i.e. drought, salinity and high soil temperature, which affect growth of trees and rhizobia, and on the other hand with adaptation mechanisms by which both organisms survive through unfavourable periods. In addition, defects in infection and nodulation processes due to various abiotic and biotic constraints are reviewed. This knowledge is important when Acacia and Prosopis seedlings are used for forestation of degraded areas in arid and semiarid tropics.
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 41, October 2003, pp. 1160-1164
V K Deshwal, P Pandey, S C Kang & D K Maheshwari
Rhizobia promote the growth of plants either directly through N2 fixation, supply of nutrients, synthesis of phytohormones and solubilization of minerals, or indirectly as a biocontrol agent by inhibiting the growth of pathogens. The biocontrol effect of rhizobia is due to the secretion of secondary metabolites such as antibiotics and HCN. Siderophore production in iron stress conditions provides rhizobia an added advantage, resulting in exclusion of pathogens due to iron starvation.
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 41, October 2003, pp. 1165-1183
K Pawlowski & A Sirrenberg
In actinorhizal symbioses, filamentous nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria of the genus Frankia induce the formation of nodules on the roots of a diverse group of dicotyledonous plants representing trees or woody shrubs, with one exception, Datisca glomerata. In the nodules, Frankia fixes nitrogen and exports the products to the plant cytoplasm, while being supplied with carbon sources by the host. Possibly due to the diversity of the host plants, actinorhizal nodules show considerable variability with regard to structure, oxygen protection mechanisms and physiology. Actinorhizal and legume-rhizobia symbioses are evolutionary related and share several features.
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 41, October 2003, pp. 1184-1197
Gursharn S Randhawa, Shubha G, Nand K Singh, Anvita Kumar & Anju Bhalla
The research findings in the field of Rhizobium-legume symbiosis reported worldwide during the years 2002 and 2003 (up to September) have been summarized. The information is presented under the various topics, viz., isolation and characterization of rhizobial strains, physiological aspects of nitrogen fixation, rhizosphere interactions and root surface signals, genomics and proteomics, plant genes involved in nodule formation, bioremediation and biocontrol, and review articles and conference reports. The postal and e-mail addresses of the concerned scientists have also been included.
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 41, October 2003, pp. 1198-1204
Anvita Kumar, Neeraj Vij & Gursharn S Randhawa
Seventeen arginine auxotrophic mutants of Sinorhizobium meliloti Rmd201 were isolated by random transposon Tn5 mutagenesis using Tn5 delivery vector pGS9. Based on intermediate feeding studies, these mutants were designated as argA/argB/argC/argD/argE (ornithine auxotrophs), argF/argI, argG and argH mutants. The ornithine auxotrophs induced ineffective nodules whereas all other arginine auxotrophs induced fully effective nodules on alfalfa plants. In comparison to the parental strain induced nodule, only a few nodule cells infected with rhizobia were seen in the nitrogen fixation zone of the nodule induced by the ornithine auxotroph. TEM studies showed that the bacteroids in the nitrogen fixation zone of ornithine auxotroph induced nodule were mostly spherical or oval unlike the elongated bacteroids in the nitrogen fixation zone of the parental strain induced nodule. These results indicate that ornithine or an intermediate of ornithine biosynthesis, or a chemical factor derived from one of these compounds is required for the normal development of nitrogen fixation zone and transformation of rhizobial bacteria into bacteroids during symbiosis of S. meliloti with alfalfa plants.
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 41, October 2003, pp. 1205-1208
Barry G Rolfe, Ulrike Mathesius, Michael A Djordjevic, Peter M Gresshoff
The report is a short summary of the most interesting presentations at the 11th International Congress on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions held during July 18-27, 2003 at St. Petersburg, Russia. The key elements from several sessions on the legume-Rhizobium interactions have been discussed.
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 41, October 2003, pp. 1090
July 24-27, 2004
Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) is an exclusive property of prokaryotic organisms, with a considerable positive impact on the global nitrogen cycle. In particular the ability of certain nitrogen-fixing bacteria to establish a symbiotic interaction with higher plants (mainly legumes) allows these to grow in the absence of costly nitrogen fertilizers. The study of BNF spans fields as diverse as biochemistry, physiology, molecular genetics and agronomy. The interdisciplinary nature of BNF was recognized from the onset of the biennial European Nitrogen Fixation Conferences which have been held previously in Szeged (1994), Poznan (1996), Lunteren (1998), Sevilla (2000) and Norwich (2002). Continuing the tradition of the previous ENFCs, the meeting will give students and scientists form Europe and the rest of the world the opportunity to update and exchange knowledge at the forefront of basic and applied research in the broad field of Nitrogen Fixation. The organizing committee consists of Drs. Julie Cullimore, Frans de Bruijn, Jean Dénarié, Thierry Huguet, Daniel Kahn and André Trigalet.
further information for the conference may be obtained at the website http://www.toulouse.inra.fr/6enfc
The organizers may be contacted at the following email address: nitfix@toulouse.inra.fr
October 28-November 1, 2004
The 14th International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation will be held from October 28 to November 1, 2004 at Beijing International Convention Center in Beijing, P. R. China. This Congress will be a meeting for chemists, biochemists, physiologists, molecular biologists, evolutionary biologists, ecologists and applied agricultural scientists that work in the area of Nitrogen Fixation. The website of the conference http://www.n2fix.com/ can be consulted for updated information. The congress will have a format similar to the previous ones with plenary talks by invited speakers and concurrent sessions. Some talks of the concurrent sessions will be selected on the basis of abstracts received from registered participants. Posters will be on display throughout the week, and there will be a scientific exhibition as well. Further information regarding the congress may be obtained at the website http://www.n2fix.com. The organizers may be contacted: Prof. Yiping Wang, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China, Tel: 86-10-6275 8490, Fax: 86-10-6275 6325, E-mail: wangyp@pku.edu.cn
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 41, October 2003, pp. 1209-1212
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Natural killer cells in HIV-1 infection: Role of NK cell-medicated non-cytolytic mechanisms in pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection |
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Shyam Kottilil |
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Bioremediation of paper and pulpmill effluents |
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K Murugesan |
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Internet ― Implications for the future of phytopharmacological research |
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K K Mueen Ahmed, A C Rana, V K Dixit & B G Shivananda |
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Alterations in radiation-induced cell cycle perturbations by 2-deoxy-D-glucose in human tumor cell lines |
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J S Adhikari, B S Dwarakanath, Rohit Mathur & T Ravindranath |
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Contribution of oxidative stress to radiosensitization by a combination of 2-DG and 6-AN in human cancer cell line |
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R Varshney, J S Adhikari & B S Dwarakanath |
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Significance of regional difference in ion concentrations in lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Rüppell): Assessment of ionic influence on sperm motility in vitro |
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Umesh Rai & B K Nirmal |
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Biological control of Fusarium wilt of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan(L.) Millsp.} with chitinolytic Alcaligenes xylosoxydans |
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R J Vaidya, S L A Macmil, P R Vyas, L V Ghetiya, K J Thakor & H S Chhatpar |
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Efficacy of Euphorbia splendens and Leonotis nepetaefolia on aflatoxin –producing fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus |
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M N Abubacker & R Ramanathan |
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Prevalence of Listeria in soil |
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H Moshtaghi, S R Garg & Usha V Mandokhot |
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Influence of colchicine on pulmonary silicotic fibrogenesis in rats |
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M Waseem, A K Khanna, S Dogra & J L Kaw |
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Antinociceptive action of FK506 in mice |
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Amanpreet Singh, Gaurav Kumar, Pattipati S Naidu & Shrinivas K Kulkarni |
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Antagonistic effect of fluorescent pseudomonads against Macrophomina phaseolina that causes charcoal rot of groundnut |
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Shweta Bhatia, Shivani Bhatia, R C Dubey & D K Maheshwari |
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In vitro propagation of emetic nut Randia dumetorum (Lamb.) |
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Ferdousi Begum, Kazi Mohammed Didarul Islam, Rathindra Nath Paul, Masfique Mehedi & Shyamole Rani |
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In vivo model for dyslipidemia with diabetes mellitus in hamster |
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Gitika Bhatia, Farhan Rizvi, Rashmi Saxena, Anju Puri, A K Khanna, Ramesh Chander, E M Wulff & A K Rastogi |
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Partial suppressive effect of melatonin on indomethacin-induced renal injury in rat |
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Faried A E Hemieda, Mohammad A El-Missiry, Mohey E.Badawy & Ahmad A Goda |
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Inhibition of cutaneous oxidative stress and two-stage skin carcinogenesis by Hemidesmus indicus (L.) in Swiss mice |
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Sarwat Sultana, Aftab Alam, Naghma Khan & Sonia Sharma |
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Immunomodulatory activity of boswellic acids of Boswellia serrata Roxb. |
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Pratibha Pungle, M Banavalikar, A Suthar, M Biyani & S Mengi |
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Clenbuterol induced changes in cholesterol and triglyceride levels of gastrocnemius and heart of rat under work induced stress |
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Sushma Sharma & Asha Garg |
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Hepatoprotective activity of Haridradi ghrita on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats |
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P M Satturwar, S V Fulzele, S B Joshi & A K Dorle |
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Effects of repeated haemolymph withdrawals on haemocyte counts and moulting in lemon-butterfly, Papilio demoleus L. |
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J P Pandey, R K Tiwari & A K Chaubey |
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Simultaneous induced of ectopic pelvic zone and duplication of regenerated limbs in tadpoles of Polypedates maculates by vitamin A |
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A Pati, S K Dutta & P K Mahapatra |
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D2-dopamine receptor-and α2-adrenoreceptor- mediated analgesic response of quercetin |
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Pattipati S Naidu, Amanpreet Singh & Shrinivas K Kulkarni |
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Toxicity assessment of wild bean seed protein-Arcelin on Asian armyworm, Spodoptera liture (Fabricius) |
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B Malaikozhundan, P Suresh, S Seshadri & S Janarthanan |
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Chemopreventive action of Phyllanthus urinaria Linn. on DMBA-induced skin carcinogenesis in mice |
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R Bharali, J Tabassum & M R H Azad |
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Effect of alcohol on neurons of iso-cortex — A histomorphometric study |
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N K Mitra & K S Ghosh |
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Influence of acidic beverage of (Cocoa Cola) on pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in healthy rabbits |
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Amit Kondal & S K Garg |
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Effect of arsenic on cell growth of the cellular slime mould, Dicytostelium discoideum |
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S Mukhopadhyay & S Chatterjee |
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Optimization of wedelolactone accumulation in shoot culture of Eclipta alba |
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M G Jayathiratha & S H Mishra |
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Efficient regeneration of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) from shoot-tip explant |
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D Syamala & Prathibha Devi |
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Changes in lipid peroxidation and free radical scavengers in kidney of hypothyroid and hyperthyroid rats |
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Bilvadaa U Sawant, Ganeshsunder D Nadkarni, Usha R Thakare, Lebana J Joseph & M G R Rajan |
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Enhancement of metastatic potential of mouse B16-melanoma cells to lung after treatment with gangliosides of B-16-melanoma cells of higher metastatic potential to lung |
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S Saha & K C Mohanty |
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In vitro lethal efficacy of leaf extract of Cannabis sativa Linn. On the larvae of Chironomous samoenis Edward: An insect of public health concern |
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Bishnupada Roy & B K Dutta |
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Effect of Aegle marmelos Correa. (Bael) fruit extract on tissue antioxidants in streptozotocin diabetic rats |
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N Kamalakkannan & Stanely Mainzen Prince P |
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Effect of a polyherbal formulation, Ambrex, on butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) induced toxicity in rats |
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R S Devi, Shoba Narayan, K Vijai Mohan, K E Sabitha & C S Shyamala Devi |
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Effect of housing rats within a pyramid on stress parameters |
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Surekha Bhat, Guruprasad Rao, K Dilip Murthy, P Gopalakrishna Bhat |
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FK506 as effective adjunct to L-dopa in reserpine-induced catalepsy in rats |
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Amanpreet Singh, Pattipati S Nadiu & Shrinivas K Kulkarni |
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Role of phenolics and boron in reproductive success in seasonally transient sterile Tecoma stans L. |
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S V S Chauhan, Jolly Singh & Satoshi Tahara |
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Production of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde in roots of tissue culture raised and acclimatized plants of Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn., an endangered shrub endemic to Southern India and evaluation of its performance vis a vis plants from natural habitat |
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P Giridhar, T Rajasekaran, S Nagarajan & G A Ravishankar |
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Effect of potassium channel modulators on toxicity of Cleistanthus collinus |
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Vinu M Jose, K N Anand , L Jeyaseelan, Kalpana Ernest, Alice Kuruvilla |
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In vivo enhancement of nucleopolyhedrovirus of oriental Armyworm, Mythimna separata using spindles from Helicoverpa armigera entomopoxvirus M Chakravorty, K Narayanan & M K Sivaprakash |
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Effect of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. fil. leaf gel and pulp extracts on kidney in type-II diabetic rat models Sehnaz Bolkent, Nuriye Akev, Nurten Özsoy, Meliha Sengezer-Inceli, Ayse Can, Alper Okyar & Refiye Yanardag |
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Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of Suvarnamalini vasantÒ, a generic Ayurvedic herbomineral formulation Vishwas Sangle, Medha Darp & Shailesh Nadkarni |
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Effect of simultaneous exposure to lead and cadmium on gonadotropin binding and steroidogenesis on granulosa cells: An in vitro study P N Laxmi Priya, Anil Pillai & Sarita Gupta |
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Effect of glyphosate toxicity on growth, pigment and alkaline phosphatase activity in the cyanobacterium Anabaena doliolum: A role of inorganic phosphate in the glyphosate tolerance Shikha, D P Singh & N S Darmwal |
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Role of phenolics and boron in reproductive success in seasonally transient sterile Tecoma stans L. S V S Chauhan, Jolly Singh & Santoshi Tahara |
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1114 |
1114 |
1184 |
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1095 |
Randhawa Gursharn S | 1198 | |
|
1184 |
Kumar Anvita | 1184 | |||
|
1198 |
1142 |
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1124 |
1205 |
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1142 |
|||||
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1101 |
1136 |
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1160 |
1124 |
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1160 |
1205 |
1184 |
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1205 |
1184 |
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1160 |
1165 |
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1205 |
1165 |
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1101 |
1133 |
||
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1160 |
1198 |
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|
1091 |
1091 |
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|
1101 |
1095 |
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|
1142 |
1095 |
1160 |
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|
1142 |
Legume | 1133 |
1101 |
||
|
1165 |
Legume | 1136 | Rhizobium | 1095 | |
|
1165 |
Legume | 1184 | Rhizobium | 1133 | |
|
1160 |
Legume | 1198 | Rhizobium | 1136 | |
|
1198 |
Legume | 1205 |
1184 |
||
|
1205 |
Rhizobium | 1198 | |||
|
1184 |
1205 |
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1160 |
1184 |
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|
1184 |
|||||
|
1101 |
1142 |
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|
1205 |
1095 |
1124 |
|||
|
1136 |
Nitrogen fixation | 1136 |
1160 |
||
|
1165 |
Nitrogen fixation | 1198 |
1101 |
||
|
1124 |
1205 |
1114 |
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|
|
1114 |
1184 |
||
|
1165 |
1198 |
||||
|
1136 |
1101 |
1114 |
|||
|
1198 |
Symbiosis | 1095 | |||
| Flavonoids | 1101 |
1136 |
Symbiosis | 1133 | |
|
1114 |
1184 |
||||
|
1165 |
1124 |
1124 |
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|
|
1114 |
1101 |
||
|
1160 |
1205 |
||||
|
1142 |
1142 |
1114 |
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|
1124 |
1205 |
||||
|
1133 |
1136 |